190 THE PROTECTION OF WOODLANDS. 



bark containing the eggs, larva?, pupsc, and often the adults also. Decoy - 

 stems should be felled and placed before bark-beetles pair, because they 

 go to sickly and recently felled trees before attacking healthy stems whose 

 strong resinous outflow might kill their brood. Stems laid down in winter 

 or early spring should be barked and removed in May and June, and fresh 

 decoy-sterns placed to catch any second brood in August. Dominated or 

 suppressed, but still healthy poles or trees should be used in preference 

 to half -dry moribund stems, not so likely to attract the egg-laying females. 

 It is best to raise the decoy-stems off the ground on rests, so as to let the 

 beetles breed on the lower side, which remains sappy when the upper half 

 is dry. The branches should be lopped to check evaporation through the 

 foliage, but can also be set as traps. Timber from any winter fall is 

 always more or less infested with beetles, and should be removed and 

 larked by May. Removal alone is not enough, because in the sawyard or 

 elsewhere the broods hatch out and increase the number of beetles. 

 Decoy-stems should be examined occasionally to see if they are acting 

 well as traps for eggs. Small drops of resin or heaps of bore-dust near 

 the punctures and bore-holes may show this, while pieces of bark cut off 

 and inspected will show how far the young brood has developed. When 

 the biggest larva) are about half-grown the bark should be stripped and 

 burned, because egg-laying is then completed. Cockchafer-grubs can be 

 collected in nurseries, and the adult beetles of large kinds like cockchafers 

 and longicorns can be shaken or tapped down from the crowns of young 

 trees and hand-collected. The large Pine-weevil can be caught in sappy 

 bark-traps put soft side downwards, and killed by treading on them or 

 pouring boiling water over them ; and smaller beetles may be trapped in 

 bundles of brushwood or bark, which should then be burned. 



(6) Extermination of Moths. When caterpillars attack on any large 

 scale, decoy-trees are of no use ; nor is spraying with preparations of lime- 

 water, sulphur, tobacco- juice, quassia, paraffin, carbolic acid, Paris green, 

 London purple, &c., practicable in extensive woodlands, although easy 

 and efficacious in nurseries by means of knapsack - sprayers. Hence it 

 is mainly during the caterpillar stage that exterminative efforts are 

 successful. 



Hand-picking can be adopted for some hairy caterpillars (by workmen 

 wearing old gloves to protect their hands), and for such as hibernate on 

 the ground under moss, &c. , or can be brought down by shaking the poles 

 or tapping on tree-branches with padded mallets or axe-heads, or are 

 found in any trenches dug. By shaking and tapping the Pine Span-worm 

 caterpillars may be brought to the ground and collected especially early 

 in the morning and during cool weather, when they have a looser foothold 

 on the foliage than during warm sunshine. The clusters of Lackey-moth 

 caterpillars are also easily crushed or burned. Swine will devour pupa? on 



