212 THE PROTECTION OF WOODLANDS. 



a thick red-brown woolly tuft near the end, while the cJ is blackish -brown 

 with a red-brown woolly tuft at the end. The 16-footed caterpillar is 1J 

 in. long, dark grey-brown above, with two irregular red stripes along the 

 sides, and covered with tufts of yellowish-brown hairs, and grey beneath, 

 with yellow marbling. The hairy pupa is dark-brown, and has a pointed 

 tail. The moths fly late in June and early in July, the 9 laying 200 to 

 300 brownish-yellow eggs, on the lower surface of the leaves of Oak chiefly, 

 but also other broad-leaved trees, and covering them with spongy wool 

 from her thick tail. The caterpillars hatch out in August, and form 

 "tents" or colony -nests round the young shoots and leaves, and in 

 autumn they strengthen these and form tough nests about fist -size, 

 where they hibernate. In spring they again feed on the foliage, returning 

 to their "tents" at night and during bad weather ; but about the middle 

 of May they abandon these and wander about freely to feed. Early in 

 June they pupate for 3 to 4 weeks in a greyish-brown transparent nest 

 made between the leaves. (Generation simple, annual). The Lackey 

 moth, Cfastropacha neustria, has a wing-span of 1 in.; body and fore- 

 wings yellow- or reddish - brown, with a broad, light -edged transverse 

 band ; hind-wings are somewhat lighter, and crossed in the middle by a 

 faint darker band. Caterpillar is slightly haired, If in. when full-grown, 

 and marked with alternate stripes of light blue, reddish-brown, and white 

 (hence "lackey"), head pale-blue with two black spots. The moths fly 

 in July and August, towards evening, and lay 300 to 400 brownish-grey 

 eggs in a close spiral band round twigs and small branches, chiefly on Oak, 

 also Elm, Hornbeam, Poplars, and Willows. The caterpillars hatch out 

 late in April or early in May, at once feed on buds and leaves, and live in 

 communities inside " tents " or nests until full-grown. About end of June 

 they break up their colonies, and pupate singly between leaves or in bark- 

 fissures, by attaching themselves to these with a few loosely spun threads. 



The Black Arches or Nun moth, Liparis monacha, one of the most 

 destructive pests in Continental Spruce and Pine woods, has never yet 

 done much damage in Britain, though often found on broad-leaved trees 

 (especially Oak) in the south of England. 



The ? has a wing-span of about 2 in. ; the smaller <$ is distinguishable 

 by double-combed antennae. In both the outer wings and the upper part 

 of the body the ground-colour is white, marked with numerous deeply- 

 arched, zigzag, brownish-black or black stripes (hence Nun) ; the lower 

 wings are brown-grey, edged with black spots. The abdomen, though 

 sometimes blackish, is mostly rose-colour, with black transverse bands. 

 Caterpillar about 1^ in. when full-grown, whitish- to reddish-grey above 

 and dirty-green below, with broad grey dorsal stripe, commencing from a 

 black heart-shaped patch on the second segment. The densely-haired 

 pupa, at first greenish, then bronzy-brown, lies in a flimsy cocoon, formed 



