216 



THE PROTECTION OF WOODLANDS. 



Fig- 5 2 - 



V 



farther down on either side, and a pale-yellow line close below the brown 

 spiracles ; and all these lines extend to the green head, where the dorsal 



middle line forms a V mark. Of the 10 

 feet, 3 pairs are thoracic, and 2 pairs pro- 

 legs (one pair forming the anal claspers). 

 The pupa, about f in., resembling but 

 smaller than that of the Pine Beauty, is 

 at first greenish, then dark-brown. The 

 moths live for about a fortnight in May 

 and June, when the <$ flits about in the 

 daytime, and the ? lays about 60 bright- 

 green eggs on Pine-needles near the top 

 of poles and at tips of side-shoots. Cater- 

 pillars hatch out in 2 to 3 weeks, and 

 gnaw the needles slightly, then bite them 

 through about the middle so that the 

 upper half falls to the ground, and feed 

 on the remaining half. Before pupating 

 in October under moss, leaves, &c., they 

 spin down to the ground. Pupation lasts 

 till April, the pupae lying unprotected by 

 a cocoon, and scattered over all the area 

 infested. Extermination is by spraying 

 with insecticides, shaking and tapping 

 poles, and collecting caterpillars in sum- 

 mer, and by raking and burning the dead 

 foliage in autumn ; swine and hens also 

 useful. 



The Mottled Umber moth, Hylernia 

 defoliaria, appears in October ; ? wing- 

 less, black-mottled ; 3 wing-span 1^ 

 in., fore- wings light-brown, paler near 

 middle, and with a broad, dark-brown, 

 pale-edged, irregular transverse band, 

 hind-wings paler and with dark central 

 spot or black-mottled. Caterpillar red- 

 dish-brown above, sulphury -yellow at 

 sides, with dark or black strip between. 

 Habits much like those of Cheimatobia 

 brumata, but chiefly attacking Oak, Sycamore, and Hornbeam. 

 D. LEAF-ROLLER AND TWIG-TWISTER MOTHS (Tortricidce). 

 * The Green Oak Leaf-roller, Tortrix viridana (Fig. 52), often defoli- 

 ates middle-aged and old Oaks entirely (and particularly the pedunculate 



Oak Leaf-roller Moth natural 

 size. 



a. Moth. 



b. Caterpillar spinning down. 



c. Oak-leaf rolled up for pupation. 



d. Pupa. 



