WOOD LEOPARD-MOTH. 221 



crevices of tree-stems. Caterpillars hatch out in July, and at first feed 

 under the bark, but soon bore into the wood, forming long tunnels in 

 which they live for from 2 to 4 years, sometimes leaving the trees and 

 crawling about on the ground. When mature they usually pupate just 

 inside the entrance to their borings (or sometimes in the ground), the 

 large reddish-brown pupa lying in a cocoon of rough wood-chips. Previous 

 to the moth emerging in June or July, the pupa pushes its way partly 

 out of the tree (life-cycle 2 to 4 years). 



Little can be done to prevent attacks, but pouring in carbon bisulphide 

 and then plugging up the holes should kill the caterpillars. Badly infested 

 trees should be felled, and the caterpillars destroyed ; and the lower parts 

 of tree-trunks attacked may be smeared early in June with a thick dressing 

 of niud and paraffin to prevent egg-laying. 



* The Wood Leopard-moth, Zeuzera cesculi, does damage like the Goat- 

 moth, and attacks young Maple, Sycamore, Ash, and Lime far more than 

 Horse-chestnut (though named after it). 



Only about f of the size of the Goat-moth ; wings white, with numerous 

 irregular round black or steel-blue spots and six similar spots in two rows 

 on upper part of body ; abdomen dull white or grey, striped alternately 

 with blue-black and white bands ; caterpillar yellowish, with little black 

 warts, nearly 2 in. long when full-grown ; pupa bright brown, about 1 in., 

 with rows of sharp spikes along its back. Moths fly in June and July, 

 and lay oval orange eggs on stems and branches of trees ; and in a few- 

 days caterpillars hatch out, bore into the bark, feed in the sapwood till 

 winter, then bore deeper, tunnelling upwards, and feed continuously till 

 May or June of the second year, when they return to near the bark, 

 pupate in the sapwood, and emerge as moths in June or July, the empty 

 cocoon being left sticking out from the exit hole (generation biennial). 

 Extermination as for Goat-moth. 



Cf. CLEARWING-MOTHS (Sesiidce). 



The Hornet Gleaming-moth, Scsia apiformis, damages the butts of 

 young Poplar up to about 20 years old in much the same way as the 

 Poplar Longhorn and the Goat-moth. 



Wing-span 1^ to If in., wings transparent, with rust-red edges and 

 veins. Caterpillar with 16 feet (3 pairs true legs, and 5 pairs suckers or 

 prolegs), rather flat, dirty yellow- white, with large ruddy-brown head, and 

 dark dorsal line ; its head and legs distinguish it from the Poplar Long- 

 horn larva, along with which it often attacks. Pupa brown, with prickly 

 dorsal spines on abdomen and at tail-end. Moths fly in June and July, and 

 lay brown eggs in bark-fissures near foot of Poplar stems. Caterpillars 

 hatch out in July and August, bore into stem, live there for two winters, 

 then come out and pupate near the mouth of the bore-hole or on or near 

 the ground in cocoons formed of bore-dust (generation two years). Ex- 

 termination by killing the moths on the Poplar stems (June, July) ; cutting 



