278 THE UTILISATION OF WOODLAND PRODUCE. 



Alder : clog - soles, barrel - staves ; is well suited for use underground 

 and in water. 



Poplars : Packing-cases, framework for veneered furniture, cart-bottoms 

 and sides, railway brake-blocks, interior boarding, wood-pulp, match- 

 making, turnery and carving. Aspen best for matches, match-boxes, 

 and wood-pulp. 



Willows : same as Poplars ; also bread - platters, knife - boards, and 

 cricket-bats (Red Willow). 



Horse -Chestnut : carts, sides and bottoms of, cabinet-making, bobbins 

 and turnery. 



Lime : turnery and carving, framework for veneered furniture, pack- 

 ing-cases. 



Walnut : furniture, gun-stocks, turnery, carving. 



III. Conifers- 

 Larch: railway sleepers, boat- and bridge-building, boarding, cart- 

 making, masts and posts of all sorts, estate-fencing, pitwood. Small 

 wood for hop poles, pea- and bean-sticks, &c. Like Ash, Larch can 

 be used of all sizes, and is durable and useful for estate work. 

 Cypresses, Douglas Fir, and Scots Pine or "red deal" : used for same 

 purposes as Larch, but not so durable ; Scots Pine also for ship masts- 

 and spars, telegraph-poles, scaffolding, herring-boxes, and packing- 

 cases. 

 Austrian and Corsican Pine : used for similar purposes as Scots Pine, 



but wood coarser and less durable. 

 Weymouth or "Yellow Pine" is largely imported from America for 



house-building and other constructive purposes. 



Spruce or "white deal," and Silver Fir or "White Pine " : boarding, 

 planking, and scantling for interior work, rough furniture, masts and 

 spars of ships, scaffolding and ladders, packing-cases, boxes, toys, 

 cask-staves, sounding-boards for musical instruments, pitwood, wood- 

 pulp ; is less durable than Scots Pine. 



Our Chief Wood-consuming Industries use mostly the follow- 

 ing kinds of timber : 



Ship-building. Oak, for ribs, crooks, &c. ; Elm and Oak for keels ; Larch 

 and Pine for planking and lining ; Larch, Pine, Spruce, and Silver Fir for 

 masts. 



House - building and Carpentry. Most.ly imported from Baltic are 

 Scots Pine (red deal) and Spruce (white deal) ; from Rotterdam, Silver 

 Fir (white pine) ; from America and Canada, Weymouth Pine (yellow pine), 

 Swamp Pine (pitch pine), and others. 



Pitwood. Larch and small Oak best and most durable, but other Coni- 



