282 THE UTILISATION OF WOODLAND PRODUCE. 



Fig. 72. 



Felling with axe and saw (Fig. 72 ) is a better way with 

 large timber, as there is less wastage. The tree is laid in as 



before (a b) to about J of its 

 diameter ; then the saw is applied 

 at same level (c) on opposite side 

 of the tree. As the saw cuts in, 

 the opening it makes has to be 

 kept open by wedges, to prevent 

 jamming and help to throw the 

 tree over. To prevent the wedges 

 springing out, they should, especi- 

 ally in frosty weather, be sanded 

 or rubbed with earth or ashes ; 

 but the safest and most powerful 

 wedge to help in throwing over the 

 tree is the " Universal wedge" made 

 of steel (Fig. 73). 



But most timber is obtained by 

 cutting through the main roots just 

 below the ground, and throwing the tree with lever appliances 

 like the common jack (Fig. 74), or hauling it over by the far 

 more powerful chain-lever or wood-demon (Fig. 75), consisting 



of two strong iron chains, 

 mm, fixed to a stout iron- 

 ringed pole C, that is fast- 

 ened to some stable object 

 (like a boulder or large tree) 

 by a mooring chain, A, and 

 which acts in connection 

 with the main chain, B, 



attached to some lofty branch of the stem to be pulled over. 

 By moving the pole-lever C alternately backwards and forwards, 

 the hooks mm can gradually be moved upwards link by link 

 along J3, so that the top of the tree is dragged over, as the 

 leverage is effective, though gradual. Or an arrangement of 



Felling with Axe and Saw. 





