136 DE CANDOLLE'S SYSTEM. 



85. Caprifoliacea. Shrubs or herbaceous plants, with 

 opposite leaves, destitute of stipules. Flowers usually showy 

 and fragrant. Calyx 4-5-cleft, with bracts at its base. Co- 

 rolla monopetalous or polypetalous, rotate or tubular, regular 

 or irregular. Stamens epipetalous. Ovary with from 1 to 5 

 cells. Fruit indehiscent, 1 or more celled. Embryo straight 

 in fleshy albumen. 



USES. Honeysuckles, species of Caprifolium, are beautiful, 

 fragrant, twining shrubs. The Elder has sudorific flowers, 

 and drastic foetid leaves. The roots of Triosteum perfoliatum 

 are emetic and cathartic. The fruit of Symphoria racemosa, 

 the Snowberry, is a favourite food of pheasants ; that of differ- 

 ent species of Viburnum is eatable, but unpleasant. 



TYPICAL GENERA. Sambucus, Caprifolium, Viburnum. 



86. Cinchonaceee. Trees, shrubs, or herbs. Leaves 

 simple, opposite or verticillate, with interpetiolary stipules, 

 Avhich are simple, bifid, or multifid, and form one of the prin- 

 cipal characteristics of the order. Inflorescence extremely 

 varied. Calyx simple. Corolla tubular, regular, valvate, or 

 imbricated. Stamens all on the same line, alternate with the 

 lobes of the corolla. Ovary surmounted by a disk ; ovules 

 numerous or few. Fruit either splitting, or indehiscent and 

 dry, or succulent. Seeds definite or indefinite ; embryo small, 

 surrounded by horny albumen. 



USES. Foremost among the useful species of this large 

 order stand the species of Cinchona, whose bark is so valuable 

 on account of its tonic febrifugal qualities ; in this respect a 

 large number of other genera correspond, among which are 

 Buena, Remija, Portlandia, and Exostema. Others are power- 

 ful emetics ; as Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, whose roots form the 

 best Ipecacuanha of the shops ; Richardsonia scabra, and 

 several species of Manettia, Chiococca, and Spermacoce. A 

 few have the emetic principle so concentrated as to be dan- 

 gerous poisons, as Randia dumetorum. Coffee is the horny 

 albumen of Coffea Arabica. 



