ALLIANCES OF PLANTS. 



213 



ture of the seed. Nyctaginaceae require a much more careful examination than they yet 

 have received. Menispermaceae have, strictly speaking, both calyx and corolla ; but 

 their organs are so small and so much alike, that I place the order here ; it has but b'ttle 

 apparent relation even to Schizandreae among Anonales, beyond the circumstance of the 

 parts of its flower being ternary, while it seems closely allied to Aristolochiaceae. Me- 

 nispermaceae must be considered one of the natural orders among Exogens which tend 

 towards Endogens. The passage of Curvembryosae into Rectembryosae through Cheno- 

 podiaceae on the one hand, and Urticaceae on the other, is obvious. 



The mutual relations of these groups may be expressed as follows : 



1. Rectembryosae pass into Achlamydosae through Garrvaceae 



2. Achlamydosae Tubiferosae 



3. Tubiferosae Columnosae 



4. Columnosae Curvembryosse 



5. Curvembryosae Rectembryosae 

 Their true relations will therefore be thus : 



Rectembryosae, Curvembryosae, 



Achlamydosae, Columnosae, 



Tubiferosae. 



The subclass of Incompletae may be considered allied with other parts of the system in 

 the following manner, viz. 



&c. 



Monimiaceae. 

 Aristolochiaceae. 

 Menispermaceae. 

 Chenopodiacese. 



With Polypetalae through 



With Monopetalae 

 With Gymnospermae 

 With Endogenae 



Daphnalea 



Proteaceae 



Lauraceae 



Empetraceae 



? Nyctaginaceae 



Chloranthaceae 



Menispermaceae 



Aristolochiaceae 



to 



Rhamnales. 



Loranthaceae. 



Myristicaceae. 



Euphorbiaceae. 



Solanaceae. 



Gnetaceae. 



Smilaceae. 



Araceae. 



SUBCLASS III. MONOPETAL^:. 



These comprehend the following groups : 



1. Polycarposa. Flowers hypogynous (rarely epigynous). Ovary com- 



posed of many carpels. 



2. Epigynosce. Flowers epigynous. Ovary composed of two or many 



carpels. 



3. Aggregoste. Ovary consisting of but one perfect carpel. 



4. Nucamentosa. Ovary composed of two carpels, which are separate, 



nut-like, and often divided into two parts. 



5. Dicarposce. Ovary composed of two carpels. Fruit capsular. 



GROUP I. POLYCARPOSJS. 



Alliance 1. Brexiales. Albumen absent. Carpels five. 

 163. Brexiaceae. 



Alliance 2. Ericales. Anthers opening by pores. Carpels 

 from four to five, or more. 



Seeds winged. Herbs . 164. Pyrolaceae . Diuretic, tonic. 

 Brown, leafless, parasites . 165. Monotropaceae. 



