LIST OF WOODCUTS. xvii 



H(i. PAGE 



58. Skull of Salamandra atra (Adult). (Ventral view. ) 71 



59. Skull of Rana esculenta. (Ventral view.) (After Ecker.) 72 



60. Hyobranchial Apparatus of Urodeles. A, Axolotl (Siredon pisciformis) ; 



B, Salamandra maculata ; C, Triton cristatus ; D, Spelerpes fuseus . . 73 



61. Skull of Lizard (Lacerta agilis). (Dorsal view.) 76 



62. A and B. Skull of Snake (Tropidonotus natrix) 76 



63. Skull of Young Water-Tortoise (Emys europced). (Side view.) 77 



64. Skull of a Young Crocodile. (Ventral view. ) 77 



65. Skull of a Wild Duck (Anas boschas}. (A, from above ; B, from below ; 



C, from the side.) 79 



66A. Longitudinal Vertical Sections through the Skulls of A, Salamandra 



maailosa, B, Testudo grceca, and C, Corvus corone, to show the Relations 



between the Cranial and Visceral Portions 81 



66B. Longitudinal Vertical Sections through the Skulls of A, Deer, B, Baboon, 

 and C, Man, to show the Relations between the Cranial and Visceral 



Portions 82 



67. Skull of Embryo of Armadillo (Tatusia hybrida). (Modified from a drawing 



by W.K.Parker.) . . . .' 83 



68. Diagram showing (A) the Undifferentiated Condition of the Paired and 



Unpaired Fins in the Embryo, and (B) the Manner in which the Perma- 

 nent Fins are formed from the Continuous Folds 85 



69. Pectoral Arch and Fin of Heptanchus 88 



70. Left Pectoral Arch and Fin of the Trout. (From the outer side.) .... 88 



71. Diagram of the Ground-Type of Pectoral Arch met with in all Vertebrata, 



from the Amphibia up to Mammalia 89 



72. Semidiagrammatic Figure of the Petoral Arch and Sternum of Urodela . . 89 



73. Pectoral Arch of a Chelonian. (Ventral view. ) 89 



74. Pectoral Arch and Sternum of Bombinator igneus 90 



75. Pectoral Arch of Ornilhorhynchus paradoxus 91 



76. Pelvis of Protopterus. (From the ventral side.) 92 



77. Pelvis of Salamander (Salamandra maculosa). (Ventral view.) ..... 93 



78. Pelvic Arch of Frog (Rana esculenta}. (A, from below ; B, from the 



side.) 94 



79. Pelvis of Lacerta muralis. (Ventral view.) 94 



80. Pelvis of a Young Alligator Indies. (A, ventral, and B, side view.) ... 95 



81. Pelvis of Iguanodon bernissartensis. (After Dollo. ) 96 



82. Pelvis of Apteryx australis. (Lateral view.) (After Marsh.) 96 



83A. Pelvis of a Six-Days' Chick. (After A. Johnson.) 97 



'83B. Diagram showing the Relations of the Pelvic Bones to the Acetabulum . 97 



84. Pelvis of Echidna. (From the left side. ) ( After Gegenbaur. ) 97 



85. Pectoral Fin of Ceratodus fosteri 100 



86. Diagram of the Predominant Uniserial Type of the Anterior Extremity of 



Elasmobranchs 100 



87. Diagrammatic Figures to show the Relations of the Free Extremity to the 



Trunk in Fishes (A), and the Higher Vertebrates (B) 102 



88. Posterior Extremity of Ranodon sibericus 103 



I 



