xviii LIST OF WOODCUTS. 



FIG. PAGE 



89. Eight Fore-Arm, Carpus, and Hand of Salamandra maculosa. (From 



above.) 103 



90. Right Tarsus of Discoylossus pictus. (From above.) 104 



91. Eight Carpus of a Young A lligator lucius. (From above. ) 105 



92. Anterior Extremity of A rchceoptcryx. (After C. Vogt.) 106 



93. Anterior Extremity of Blackbird ( Turdus merula) 107 



94. Posterior Extremity of Blackbird (Turdus merula) 108 



95. Fore-Foot of Ancestral Forms of the Horse. 1. Orohippus (Eocene). 



2. Mesohippus (Upper Eocene). 3. Miohippus (Miocene). 4. Protohippus 



(Upper Pliocene). 5. Pliohippus (Uppermost Pliocene). 6. Eqims . . 110 



96. Skeleton of the Left Fore-Limb of A, Pig ; B, Hyomoschus ; C, Tragulus ; 



D, Roebuck ; E, Sheep ;- F, Camel. (From Bell, after Garrod.) .... 110 



97. Lateral Muscles of A mphioxus 114 



98. The Entire Musculature of Siredon pisciformis 114 



99. The Musculature of Siredon pisciformis. (From the ventral side.) ... 115 



100. Torpedo marmorata, with the Electric Organ (E) exposed 124 



101. A and B. The Electric Organ of Grymnotus electricus. (B, from a prepara- 



tion by A. Ecker.) 125 



102. Electric Prisms of Torpedo marmorafa. (Semidiagrammatic. ) 126 



103. Section through the Electric Chambers. (Greatly enlarged and semidia- 



grammatic.) 127 



104. The Entire Nervous System of the Frog. (After A. Ecker.) (From the 



ventral side. ) 130 



105. Diagram of the Embryonic Condition of the Central Nervous System . . 132 



106. Longitudinal Section through the Skull and Brain of an (ideal) Vertebrate 



Embryo. (In part after Huxley.) 133 



107. Diagram of the Ventricles of the Vertebrate Brain 134 



108. Cerebral Flexure of a Mammal 135 



109. Brain-Membranes of Man. (After Schwalbe.) 136 



110. Brain of Ammoccttes. (Dorsal view.) 137 



111. Brain of Galeus canis, in situ. (Dorsal view.) (After Roh on.) 138 



112. Brain of Myliobatis aquila, in situ. (From the ventral side.) (After 



Rohon.) 139 



113A. Longitudinal Vertical Section through the Anterior Part of the Teleostean 



Brain. (Founded on a figure of the Trout's brain by Rabl-Riickhard.) . 140 



113B. Transverse Section through the Fore- Part of the Teleostean Brain . . . 141 



114. Brain of Perch (Perca schraetser). (Side view.) 141 



115. Brain of Perca schraetser. (Dorsal view. ) 141 



116. Brain of Polypterus bichir. (Side view.) , . 142 



117. Brain of Salamandra maculosa. (A, dorsal, B, ventral view) 143 



118. Brain of liana escidenta. (From the dorsal side.) 143 



119. Brain of Blindworm (Anguis fragilis). (A, from the dorsal, B, from the 



ventral side.) 144 



120. Brain of Emys europxa. (A, side, B, ventral view.) 145 



121. Brain of Alligator. (From the dorsal side.) (After Rabl-Riickhard.) . . 146 



122. Brain of Pigeon. (A, from above ; B, from the side.) 147 



