THE SKULL. 



Fio. 56. SKULL OF A YOUNG 



FIG. 57. SKULL OF Salamandra atra 

 (ADULT.) (Dorsal view.) 



-Can 



FIG. 58. SKULL OF 



atm (ADULT). (Ventral view.) 

 Tr, trabeeula ; OJ3, auditory capsule ; Fov, fenestra ovalis, closed on one side by 

 the stapes (8t) ; Lyt, ligament between the stapes and suspensorium ; Cocc, occi- 

 pital condyles ; p, cartilaginous basilar plate between the auditory capsules ; 

 Osp, dorsal tract of the occipital cartilage ; AV, internasal plate, which extends 

 laterally to form processes ( TF and AF] bounding the posterior nostrils (Ch) ; 

 NK, nasal capsule ; Can, nasal cavity ; Na, external nostrils ; 11, foramen for the 

 olfactory nerve ; Z, tongue-like outgrowth (intertrabecula) of the internasal 

 plate, which forms a roof for the internasal cavity (Fig. 57) ; Qu, quadrate ; Ptc, 

 cartilaginous ptorygoid : Put. ->, pvdj pedicle, and Pa, ascending 



Process, of the' quadr_afe"; Px. parasphenoid ; Pt, bony p^terygoid ; l r o, vomer ; 

 V, palatine; Pp, palatine process of maxilla; i'op, v.omero-palatiue ; Pmx, 

 prcmaxilla ; M, maxilla; Os, sphenethm'oid ; As, prootic ; ^V, nasal; Pf, pre- 

 frontal, perforated at D for the lacrymal duct; F, frontal; P, parietal; Squ, 

 squamosal ; //, optic, V, trigeininal, and VII, facial foramen ; R*, point of 

 entrance of the nasal branch of the fifth nerve into the nasal capsule. 



