Present Methods in Continental Europe. 53 



The pyrethrum is added to the soap solution and the two are 

 well stirred ; 90 liters of cold water are then put in, and the 

 mixture is ready for use. 



Many other preparations were made, but they were composed 

 principally of the ingredients mentioned above, although the 

 combinations and the proportions varied more or less ; petro- 

 leum, however, is very often mentioned in them. 



The arsenites have not as yet been applied to any consider- 

 able extent, and the use of pyrethrum has been limited, yet the 

 time may come when the former will be applied as freely as is 

 now done in America. 



II. IN ITALY. 



Italian horticulturists have followed the French so closely that 

 little can be said concerning the discovery of new methods in 

 Italy. Milk of lime gave great promise during the first year of 

 the invasion of the downy mildew, as already mentioned on page 

 20. But this substance was soon replaced by the copper com- 

 pounds, and the French methods were adopted almost as early 

 as they were in France. At present, the Bordeaux mixture is 

 also the standard fungicide in Italy, and sprayed vines can 

 everywhere be seen during the summer months. 



Italian chemists have$ however, taken the lead in the study of 

 the various materials used as fungicides, and the principal re- 

 sults of their work of this nature will be found in the chapter 

 treating of the materials and formulas used in spraying. 



III. IN OTHER CONTINENTAL EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. 



The European mildew of the grape (Oidium Tuckeri) is said 1 

 to have been introduced from England into Germany about 

 forty years ago, and from there it spread to France, the Tyrol, 

 and Italy, causing much damage. The remedy generally adopted 

 was to apply flowers of sulphur upon the fruit and foliage, and 

 this proved effectual in preventing its ravages. 



The downy mildew, however, was introduced into Europe by 

 way of southern France. Although it was rapidly disseminated, 



i Held, " Weinbau," 1894, 125. 



