204 The Spraying of Plants. 



the first to manufacture this nozzle, which is there called the 

 "Riley." Vermorel informs me that it was during 1886 and 

 1887 that he added the attachment by means of which the out- 

 let orifice can be cleaned when it becomes clogged. The improve- 

 ment consists of a pin or lance which can be pressed forward 

 until the point penetrates the orifice and thereby forces outward 

 all obstructions. Fig. 21 b represents one of the earlier forms. 

 Vermorel also made a few minor changes during 1889 and 1890. 

 His improved form of the cyclone nozzle became known as the 

 " Vermorel," and it was almost immediately adopted in America, 

 to the exclusion of the older forms made by Barnard. The 

 name " Vermorel " has also been retained. The nozzle is at 

 present one of the best in use. Although many modifications 

 of it have been made, the original form is fully as serviceable 

 as the later ones, and it is generally preferred. 1 



The elbow in the Vermorel nozzle is one feature which is 

 open to slight objection, and many attempts have been made to 

 avoid it (Fig. 21 c). Several nozzles have also been made in 

 which the eddy chamber and outlet orifice are situated directly 

 in line with the main shaft. These nozzles look a little neater, 

 and they are more easily moved about among branches, but in 

 other respects they possess no advantage. The spray as a rule 

 is no better than that of the true Vermorel, and the parts are 

 cleaned with greater difficulty in case of clogging. The class 

 is represented by the "Marseilles," "Bean's Cyclone," "Myers," 

 " Acme," and others. 



Vermorel nozzles are also made with a shaft about eighteen 

 inches long. Connections are made with the lance which 

 cleans the orifice by means of a rod which is operated by a lever. 

 This form is used almost wholly with knapsack pumps. 



III. BELLOWS AND POWDER GUNS. 



Powders have long been used for the control of fungi and 

 insects. In Europe sulphur was generally so applied, previous to 

 1885, against the grape mildew, and special apparatus had been 

 devised for making these applications. The most popular 

 instrument for the purpose was a hand bellows, upon which 



1 For French modifications of the cyclone nozzle, see Riley, Insect Life, 1889, 

 Vol. i. No. 8, 243 ; and lUd. No. 9, 263. 



