OF THE HUMAN FAMILY. 145 



if identical throughout all these nations, whether or not it was transmitted to each 

 with the blood, involving, consequently, the genealogical connection of the nations 

 themselves. 



The following propositions develop all of the material characteristics of the 

 system of relationship of the nations represented in the Table. They are severally 

 true of each and every form in each and every nation, with the exceptions stated. 



I. Consanguine! are not described by a combination of primary terms, but are 

 classified into categories under some one of the recognized relationships, each of 

 which is expressed by a particular term. 



II. The several collateral lines, in their several branches, are ultimately merged 

 in the lineal line. 



III. In familiar intercourse and in formal salutation, consanguinei, near and 

 remote, address each other by the term of relationship. 



IV. From Ego a male to the children of his brother a male, and from Ego a 

 female to the children of her sister a female, the relationship of these children to 

 Ego approaches in the degree of its nearness ; but from Ego a male, to the children 

 of a female, and from Ego a female to the children of a male, it recedes. There are 

 some exceptions to these rules. 



V. Ascending one degree above Ego in the lineal line, and crossing over to the 

 first members of the four branches of the second collateral line, it follows again 

 that from male line to male line, and from female to female, the relationship 

 to Ego approaches in the degree of its nearness, while from male line to female 

 line, and from female to male, it recedes, and that irrespective of the sex of Ego. 

 To these rules there are a few exceptions. The father's sister, in some cases, is a 

 mother instead of an aunt, and the mother's brother, in two instances, is an elder 

 brother instead of an uncle. 



VI. There are original terms for grandfather and grandmother, father and 

 mother, son and daughter, and grandson and granddaughter in all of the languages 

 represented in the Table without an exception. In a few instances some of these 

 terms are in common gender. These, with those of brother and sister, are called 

 the primary relationships. 



VII. All of my ancestors above grandfather and grandmother, are my grand- 

 fathers and grandmothers, without further distinction, except that in some of the 

 nations they are discriminated as second, third, and more remote grandfathers and 

 grandmothers. In common usage, however, the former are the recognized 

 relationships. The Pawnee form is an exception. 



VIII. All the brothers and sisters of my grandfather and of my grandmother, 

 and all the brothers and sisters of my several ancestors above the latter, are, without 

 distinction, my grandfathers and grandmothers, with the occasional modifications 

 stated in the. seventh proposition. 



IX. All my descendants below grandson and granddaughter, are, without 

 distinction, my grandsons and granddaughters, with the occasional modifications 

 named in the seventh proposition. The Pawnee form is also an exception. 



X. There is one term for elder brother and another for younger brother, one 

 term for elder sister and another for younger sister ; and no term for brother or 



19 December, 1869. 



