OF THE HUMAN FAMILY. 155 



is no term either for brother or sister in the abstract ; but there is a compound 

 term in the plural number, and in common gender, Da-ya' '-gwa-dari '-no-da for 

 brothers and sisters in general. 



In the diagrams (Plates IV and V) the lineal and first collateral line, male and 

 female, are represented ; in the first with Ego a male, and, in the second, with Ego a 

 female. The relationships of the same persons in certain clearly defined cases, are 

 entirely different to Ego a female, from what they are to Ego a male. It is, there- 

 fore, imperative that the sex of Ego be noted in every case. To exhibit fully these 

 discriminations double diagrams are used, and in the table double questions, the 

 necessity for which will be seen by comparing the diagrams, and also by comparing 

 the questions and answers in the table. In these diagrams the connecting lines 

 follow the chain of descent from parent to child, and the figures which stand in the 

 same horizontal or transverse line show, that the several persons represented are 

 equally removed in degree from the common ancestor. The relationship expressed 

 in each figure is that which the person sustains to Ego and no other. A single person 

 is represented by each figure, with the exception of the lowest, upon which the 

 several branches of the collateral line converge. This figure represents as many 

 persons, all of whom are the grandsons and granddaughters of Ego, as there are 

 lines terminating in it. In reading the diagrams we ascend by the chain of con- 

 sanguinity from Ego first to the common ancestor, and then down to the person 

 whose relationship is sought ; thus, my father's son who is my brother, elder or 

 younger, is upon the right of Ego; and my father's daughter, who is my sister, elder 

 or younger, is upon the left of Ego; the three, as they are equally removed in degree, 

 being on the same horizontal line. Again the son and daughter of this brother 

 and of this sister, are placed one degree lower down in the diagram, and in the 

 same horizontal line with my own son, since they are equally removed from my 

 father who is their common grandfather. And lastly, if a son and daughter are 

 allowed to each of the persons last named, as well as to my own son, it would 

 require ten figures below these to represent them separately in their proper posi- 

 tions ; but inasmuch as they are all alike the grandsons and granddaughters of 

 Ego, they are represented by a single figure, as above explained ; and for the further 

 object of illustrating the mergence of both branches of the first collateral line in 

 the lineal line, which results from the classification of persons. 



With these explanations made, it is now proposed to take up the several 

 collateral lines in detail, and to trace them throughout, in their several branches, 

 until they are finally brought into the lineal line. 



In the first collateral line male with myself a male (Plate IV), I call my 

 brother's son and daughter my son and daughter, Ha-aJi'-wuk and Ka^ak' -ionic ; and 

 each of them calls me father, Ha'-nih. This is the first indicative feature of the 

 system. It places my brother's children in the same category with my own children. 

 Each of their sons and daughters I call severally my grandson and granddaughter, 

 IJa-yii'-da and Ka-ya'-da, and they call me grandfather, Hoc-sole. The relationships 

 here given are those actually recognized and applied, and none other are known. 



Certain relationships are here called indicative. They are those which are 

 determinative of the character of the system ; and which, when ascertained, usually 



