180 SYSTEMS OF CONSANGUINITY AND AFFINITY 



was developed at all, the direction of the advance was predetermined by the ele- 

 ments of the system. In other words, it is under the absolute control, like other 

 domestic institutions, of the primary ideas upon which it is founded. Whilst it 

 cannot be changed by the arbitrary introduction of new elements from without, it 

 may be advanced by development from within, in which case it must move in 

 logical accordance with the principles of the system. What the original form, as 

 to these relationships, may have been, it is extremely difficult to determine. There 

 are four different methods of disposing of them found among the Ganowanian 

 nations ; by the first the children of a brother and sister are cousin and cousin ; by 

 the second uncle and nephew when males, and mother and daughter when females ; 

 by the third, son and father when males, and granddaughter and grandmother 

 when females ; and of the fourth, brother and sister. The first appears to be an 

 advance, and the last a lapse, from the primitive system. At present the choice 

 lies between the second and third. It is also an interesting fact that the first, 

 second, and fourth forms are found among the Algonkin nations. These deviations 

 from uniformity have an important bearing upon the question of the order of the 

 separation from each other of nations speaking independent stock languages. 



3. Winnebagoes. When discovered this nation was established at the head of 

 Green Bay, and around Winnebago Lake, in the present state of Wisconsin, sur- 

 rounded . by Algonkin populations. They are the Puants of the early French 

 explorers. In 1840 they were removed by the national government to a tract of 

 land assigned to them in Iowa, and in 1846 they were again removed to their 

 present reservation on Long Prairie River in the State of Minnesota. The first 

 census, taken in 1842, showed their numbers to be something over two thousand. 



It has long been known that the Winnebago dialect belonged to the Dakotan 

 speech; but the variation was so "marked as to leave it in a state of isolation. 

 When compared with the dialects of the Missouri nations it will be seen that it 

 affiliates with them more closely than with the Dakota proper. Their ethnic posi- 

 tion is near the latter nations. They call themselves Ho-chun- gd-rd, the significa- 

 tion of which is lost. 



The Winnebago system of relationship follows that of the Kaws so closely that 

 it will be unnecessary to present it specially. It has all of the indicative features 

 of the common system, and agrees with the Kaw in the greater part of its subor- 

 dinate details. It is noticeable, also, that it agrees with that of the Missouri 

 nations in placing the children of a brother and sister in the relationships of uncle 

 and nephew and mother and daughter ; thus tending to show that the Winneba- 

 goes became detached from the parent stem while that form prevailed. It is also 

 inferrible from their dialect that they are one of the oldest branches of the Dakotan 

 stem. 1 



1 Independently of the relationships given in the Table, and of the names borne by individuals, 

 there is a series of terms applied to the first five sons in the order of their birth, and another to the 

 first five daughters. These special designations are used by the Dakota nations, and doubtless by 

 Btill other nations ; but they appear to be names expressive of the order of birth, as first and second 



