OF THE HUMAN FAMILY. 261 



I. Village Indians of New Mexico and Arizona. 



Stock Languages. Dialects. 



I. Aconiau. 1. Acoma. 2. Santo Domingo. 3. San Felipe. 4. Santa Anna. 5. Silla. 

 6. Laguna. 7. Pojuate. 8. Cochiti. 9. Jemez (old Pecos, the same). 



II. Tezukan. 1. Tesuque. 2. San Juan. 3. Sauta Clara. 4. Santa Ildefonso. 5. 

 Pojuaque. 6. Nambe. 



III. Isletan. 1. Isleta. 2. Taos. 3. Picoris. 4. Sandia. 



IV. Zunian. Zuni. 



V. Mokian. 1. Oraybe. 2. Tegwa. 3. Mooshahneh, and four other Pueblos names not 



given. 



VI. Piman. 1. Pimos (Papagos the same). 



VII. Yuman. 1. Cuchan. 2. Coco-Maricopa. 3. Mohave. 4. Diegenos. 5. Tabipais. 



Whether the dialects of the villages or nations above named are severally 

 distinct I am unable to state. The number of the stock languages within this 

 area is unusually large. It raises a presumption in favor of its long occupation by 

 Village Indians. This presumption is still further strengthened by the existence of 

 ruins of Pueblo communal houses in various parts of the country. The Casas 

 Grandes upon the Colorado, the Gila and Salinas Rivers, and in the Mexican pro- 

 vince of Chihuahua have long been known. None of these, however, are equal in 

 magnitude or importance with those on the Rio de Chaco, before referred to, and 

 described by Lieut. Simpson. These various and scattered ruins are so many standing 

 memorials of the long-continued struggles between the Village Indians and the 

 Roving nations for the possession of the country. There is no evidence that the 

 former were, in any respect, superior to the latter in the art of war, and many reasons 

 for supposing that they were inferior to them in courage and hardihood. There can 

 be no doubt whatever that a large part of these areas were always in possession of the 

 non-agricultural nations, as at the present day ; and that the Village Indians were 

 compelled to erect these communal edifices, which are in the nature of fortresses, 

 to maintain possession of any portion of the country against the streams of migrants 

 constantly moving down upon them from the Valley of the Columbia. 



The Village Indians of the Rio Grande and its tributaries have diminished 

 largely within the last hundred years. In 1851 they numbered about eight thou- 

 sand by census. 1 Those upon the Colorado and its tributaries are more numerous, 

 but the present estimate is probably exaggerated. Mr. Charles D. Ppsten, Super- 

 intendent of Indian affairs for Arizona, estimated their numbers in 1863 at thirty- 

 one thousand. 2 



1. Laguna. The first system of relationship to be presented is that of the people 

 of the Pueblo of Laguna. This village, consisting of a number of communal houses, 

 is situated upon the San Jose, one of the western tributaries of the Rio Grande, about 

 one hundred and twenty-five miles southwest of Santa F. It is thus described by 

 Dr. Ten Broeck, an Assistant Surgeon in the U. S. Army : " The town is built upon 

 a slight rocky eminence, near the base of which runs a small stream, that supplies 



1 Schoolcraft's Hist. Cond. and Pros. VI. 709. 



9 President's Message and Documents 1863-1864, Dep. of Interior, p. 510. The following are 

 Mr. Posten's estimates : Papagos (Pimeria Alta) 7500 ; Pimas and Maricopas (Gila) 5000 ; Cocopas 

 (Mouth of Colorado) 3000 ; Yumas or Cuchans (Colorado) 3500 ; Mohaves 5000, and Moquis (seven 

 Pueblos) 7000. 



