OF THE HUMAN FAMILY. 389 



years, it is desirable to go through the system as it now prevails in Turanian 

 lands, although it may be a close repetition of the Ganowanian form. 



The relationships of collateral kindred, in many cases, are very different with 

 Ego a male from what they are with Ego a female, as was also the fact in the 

 American Indian system. This characteristic cannot be too distinctly apprehended. 

 In a family consisting of several brothers and sisters, each having children, these 

 children stand to the brothers in one relation, and to the sisters in another, of which 

 the converse is true with respect to the relationships of these brothers and sisters to 

 each other's children. Collateral brothers and sisters and their children exhibit the 

 same differences in their relationships. A chart of consanguinity with Ego a male, 

 which would be true as to each of these brothers and their collateral consanguinei, 

 would be untrue as to each of these sisters and the same persons also their con- 

 sanguinei ; and therefore two charts are required for the same group of persons, 

 one for the males and the other for the females. It introduces diversity of rela- 

 tionships as well as complexity into the system ; but since these changes are made 

 in accordance with the established principles of discrimination they are easily 

 understood and followed. 



The lineal line admits of but little diversity, and, therefore, it is substantially the 

 same under all systems. Ancestors above grandfather and grandmother, to the 

 third degree in Tamil, are distinguished as second and third grandfather and grand- 

 mother, e. g., Pddddn, Pudddn, and Muppaddan. Descendants below grandson 

 are distinguished to the third degree as second and third grandsons and grand- 

 daughters, e. </., Pei-an, Irandam Pran, and Mundam Per an. In common 

 intercourse the first terms only are used. There are also terms for father 

 and mother, TakMppdn and Tay, and for son and daughter, MdMn and Mahal. 



There is no term in the Tamil dialect for brother or sister in the abstract. These 

 relationships are conceived in the twofold form of elder and younger, and there are 

 separate terms for each. To all of my brothers and sisters who are older than 

 myself I apply the respective terms for elder brother and elder sister ; and to those 

 who are younger than myself the respective terms for younger brother and younger 

 sister. There are two terms of synonymous import for elder brother, Tdmaiydn and 

 Annan; two for elder sister, Akkarl and Tamakqy, and two for younger sister, 

 Tangaichcld and Tangay; and but one term for younger brother, Tambi. It seems 

 probable that one set of these terms was originally used by the males, and the 

 other by the females ; but whether so used or otherwise, they are now used indis- 

 criminately. 



In the first collateral line male, with Ego a male, my brother's son and daughter 

 I call my son and daughter, Mdlcdn and Mdktil. This is the first indicative feature 



(the term for son-in-law and nephew being the same) ; and if Ego is a female, then they are my sons. 

 And all the husbands of these several nieces, whether Ego is a male or female, are my sons. 



XXIII. In all of tlje preceding cases the principle of correlative relationship is strictly applied ; 

 thus, the one I call elder brother, calls me younger brother; the one I call cousin, calls me cousin; 

 the oae I call nephew, calls me uncle; the one I call son-in-law, calls me father-in-law ; and thus 

 onward through every recognized relationship. The only exceptions are those to whom the words 

 "great" and "little" are applied; the one I call great father calls me son. 



