OF THE HUMAN FAMILY. 407 



ployed signifies "born of a brother." This modification obliterates two of the 

 indicative features of the Turanian system. It is also extended to the second and 

 more remote collateral lines, in which the sons of collateral brothers become nephews 

 and nieces instead of sons and daughters. 



Thirdly. The children of two or more brothers continue to be brothers and 

 sisters to each other, notwithstanding the falsity of the classification under the 

 principles of the Aryan system. This is equally true with respect to the children 

 of two or more sisters. It is also a Turanian characteristic, and would give two of 

 the indicative features of the latter system but for the admission of the children of 

 a brother and sister into the same relationships. The Sanskrit also intervenes again 

 at this point, and discriminates these collateral brothers from each other, as well as 

 from own brothers, by the phrases "brother through paternal uncle," brother 

 through paternal aunt," without making it the exclusive form. 



Fourthly. The brotherhood of consanguine! in a perpetual series, which is one 

 of the striking .characteristics of the Turanian system, is also preserved. For ex- 

 ample, the sons of brothers are brothers to each other, the sons of the latter are 

 brothers again, and the same relationship continues downward indefinitely among 

 their descendants at equal removes from the common ancestor. The same is equally 

 true of the children of two sisters, and of the children of a brother-and sister. 



Fifthly. The several collateral lines are ultimately merged in the lineal line, so 

 that the posterity of my collateral consanguine! are placed in the same category 

 with my own posterity. This is also a Turanian characteristic. 



Sixthly. In the ascending series, the collateral lines are not allowed to become 

 detached from the lineal. None of the brothers, for example, of my several ances- 

 tors above father could fall without the relationship of grandfather. Grandfather, 

 uncle, brother, nephew, and grandson mark the external boundaries of the system, 

 within which all of a person's consanguinei, near and remote, were embraced. 

 This is another and a marked characteristic of the Turanian system. 



Seventhly. The relationships of uncle and aunt, applied to the mother's brother 

 and the father's sister are Turanian in form ; and although the force of these rela- 

 tionships is weakened by placing the father's brother and the mother's sister in the 

 same relationships, thus tending to obliterate two other indicative features of the 

 former system, yet there are special circumstances leading to the supposition that 

 they were modifications from the Aryan source imperfectly STippressing the original 

 form, as to the latter, whilst the former remained unchanged. 



Lastly. The marriage relationships are Turanian. 



The ability of the original system to resist the powerful influence of the language 

 and form of consanguinity of the Aryan invaders, and retain, with so small a part 

 of its nomenclature, so many of its aboriginal features, is to be ascribed to its 

 internal vigor and resisting force, supported as it was by a majority of the people. 

 If the modifications introduced from Sanskrit sources could be separated, and the 

 displaced parts restored, there might still be some question whether the system 

 thus reproduced was Turanian, or an independent form, although the former sup- 

 position is much the most probable. It cannot, in any event, be classed with the 

 descriptive systems of the Aryan, Semitic, or Uralian families. But as there are 



