OF THE HUMAN FAMILY. 417 



whilst tsze and neu seem to express more than gender. Whether or not the last 

 two, standing apart from /, are the equivalents of son and daughter, or whether Ir 

 is understood in each case, I am unable to determine. The reciprocal relationships 

 in the above cases appear to be those of father and son, father and daughter, 

 grandfather and grandson, and grandfather and granddaughter. If this be so, the 

 Chinese possesses the first indicative feature of the Turanian system. Notwith- 

 standing the discrimination of my brother's descendants from my own by means of 

 the term chih, this branch of the first collateral line is merged in the lineal line by 

 force of the terms of consanguinity, which is an indicative feature of the Turanian 

 system, and also of the Malayan. 



My sister's son, Ego a male, I call wcte-sung, which is rendered by Mr. Hart, 

 " outside nephew." Woe signifies " outside," and sung, which originally signified 

 a " daughter's child," with woe prefixed expresses " sister's son." A better render- 

 ing, perhaps, would be " outside child"=nephew. My sister's daughter I call wae- 

 sung-neu, translated by Mr. Hart, " my daughter of the woe-sung class." Rendered 

 as suggested above, it would be " my outside female child" =niece. As the correla- 

 tive relationship is that of uncle, it favors the latter form. My sister's grandson I 

 call wac-sung-sun, and her granddaughter wae-sung-neu, my grandson and grand- 

 daughter of the wae-sung class. Whether these several renderings are correct is 

 important only so far as it tends to show that the Chinese has a third distinctive 

 and indicative feature of the Turanian system, namely ; that whilst my brother's 

 children are my sons and daughters, my sister's children are my nephews and 

 nieces, Ego being a male. It will be seen in the sequel that this feature does not 

 run through the system as it does in the typical Turanian form. 



On the other hand, with Ego a female, my brother's son I call woe-chili, my 

 "outer nephew," or ir being understood, "my child of the ivae-chih class;" his 

 daughter I call wae-chih-neu, my " outer niece," or my child of the wae-chih class ; 

 and the children of this nephew and niece are my grandchildren of the same class. 

 The correlative relationship in the first cases is that of " aunt-mother," sometimes 

 " aunt." If we find here, in fact, the relationship of aunt and nephew, another 

 Turanian characteristic is revealed; but with ir understood in each case, my 

 brother's children are my children by force of the terms of consanguinity, whilst 

 the force of the discrimination comes from the qualifying terms which have no 

 counterpart in any other known system. It also tends to show that the Chinese 

 form is still in a transition state from the Malayan to the Turanian. 



My sister's son, Ego a female, I call e-sung, which is not rendered. Mr. Hart 

 remarks that the E here used is composed of two characters, one of which signifies 

 " woman," and the other " foreign," and that it appears in the word E-ma, applied 

 to a mother's sister. Sung is the same term before considered. This branch of 

 the first collateral line is the same, whether Ego be a male or female, except that in 

 the former case wae, and in the latter E is prefixed. It follows that my sister's 

 children stand to me a female in the same relationship of consanguinity that they do 

 to my brother a male, except that they are made nearer or more remote in grade, 

 as the terms v:ae and E are interpreted. My sister's daughter I call e-sung-neu; 

 and her grandchildren my grandchildren of the e-sung class. 



53 April, 1870. 



