452 SYSTEMS OF CONSANGUINITY AND AFFINITY 



the Hon. Lorin Andrews, of Honolulu, Island of Oahu, one of the judges of the 

 Supreme Court of Hawaii, under Kamchameha IV. ; and the third by Rev. Artemus 

 Bishop, before mentioned. They furnish a full and complete exposition of the 

 Hawaiian system. The schedule of Mr. Miller was adopted for the table, with 

 some modification of the orthography of the terms of relationship from that of 

 Judge Andrews. The valuable observations of the gentleman last named, upon 

 the nomenclature, as well as upon the system, which were evidently prepared with 

 great care, will be found in the subjoined note, to which attention is invited. 1 



1 Notes on the Hawaiian Degrees of Relationship, by Judge Andrews. 



" 1. Captain Cook, on the discovery of these islands, named them Sandwich Islands, after Lord 

 Sandwich, aud the English and most travellers continue the appellation to the present day. But 

 he found the islands not only inhabited, but regular governments existing under chiefs or rulers, and 

 each of the islands had its specific name, and there was, also, a general name for the whole group. 

 This name was Hawaii, from the name of the larger island. ' Na aina o Hawaii,' the lands or 

 country of Hawaii ; 'Na moku o Hawaii,' the Islands of Hawaii. These have been the names ap- 

 propriated by the inhabitants themselves from time immemorial ; and it seems proper that that 

 name should be continued rather than a name given by a discoverer. Especially as no untaught 

 Hawaiian can pronounce the epithet Sandwich Islands, until after a long training of his vocal organs. 

 In all laws and legal documents the word Hawaii is used to denote this group of islands. 



" 2. Where there is an elision of a vowel it is indicated by an apostrophe. Thus, /to' u or ka 1 u 

 stands for ko ou and ka au, and is the genitive of ou and au; the same applies to o'w and a'u. The 

 pronunciation is effected by a slight break where the apostrophe occurs, to distinguish it from kou 

 and kau, of the second person, thy or thine, ou, au, of thee, of thine, &c. The form kua, my or 

 mine, is used when it is not certain whether ko 1 u or ka' u ought to be used in order to be gramma- 

 tically correct. 



" In Hawaiian printed books no accents or other diacritical signs are used, except the above 

 apostrophe. I have, therefore, marked the accented syllables by a simple inclined dash over the 

 vowel. The sounds of the vowels, it will be perceived, are those of the languages of Southern 

 Europe, in distinction from the English. The vowel u may, perhaps, be an exception. 



" 3. The Hawaiians have no definite word for father, mkua signifies parent, either male or female. 

 If we wish to say father or mother, we must add kane, male, or wahina, female. When used as 

 nouns kane signifies husband, and wahine a wife. 



" 4. For maku wahine, mother, a slightly different orthography is often used ; thus, makuahine, 

 the syllable wa is thrown out, and the two words united in one, the pronunciation continuing nearly 

 the same. 



" 5. The Hawaiian has no specific word for son. Keiki signifies child, or originally the little ; iki, 

 little, small ; the article ke has, in modern times, become prefixed, that is attached, and the word 

 thus compounded takes at present another article, ke ; hence the present form, ke keiki, the little 

 one, the junior, &c. To express the idea son, the adjective kane, male, must be added. 



" 6. The form kaikamahine is an anomaly which I have never heard a native (though often asked) 

 account for. According to the analogy of the language, the word for daughter would be keiki 

 wahine ; but Hawaiians never use that phrase. Kaikamahine signifies a female child, girl, daughter, 

 young woman, &c. 



" 7. The Hawaiian has no term for grandson. Moopuna signifies a grandchild of either sex. 

 Hence kane, male, or wahine, female, is added. Moopuna, however, is not always restricted to a 

 descendant of the second generation, but is often used of several degrees. 



"8. Moopuna kualua, that is ku, fitting, belonging to, alua, two, the second, <fec. This assumes 

 that moopuna, grandchild, is the first in a series of that title. Hence moopuna kualua signifies a 

 great-grandchild. 



