OF THE HUMAN FAMILY. 453 



The Hawaiian system is classificatory in the strict sense of the term ; but more 

 simple and inartificial than any other form which obtains in the several families of 

 mankind. Its simplicity is caused by the adoption of the primary relationships as 

 the basis of the system, and by bringing collateral consanguine! within one or the 

 other of these relationships. In this fundamental provision can be clearly recog- 

 nized the " nine ranks of relatives" which form the basis of the Chinese system 

 (supra, page 415), but reduced to five. The Chinese text reduced accordingly, 



"9. Moopiwa kuakdlu, great-great-grandchild, from ku, belonging to, and akolu, three, or these, 

 &c., as above. 



" 10. Kaikuaana. The Hawaiian has no definite general word for brother in common use. (See 

 hoahanau below.) Kaikuaana signifies any one of my brothers, older than myself; that is an older 

 brother of a brother. The same applies to females. If a, woman speaks of a sister older than her- 

 self, she calls her kaikuaana. 



" 11. Kuikunane, thus spoken by a female, applies to any of her brothers, older or younger than 

 herself. 



"12. Kaikuwahine, said by a male, means a sister older than himself. 



" 13. Kalkaina, a younger brother of a brother, or a younger sister of a sister. Thus, a brother 

 speaks of a brother either as kaikuaane, elder brother, or kalkuaina, younger brother The terms 

 apply to any number older or younger. The same applies to a sister. When a sister speaks of a 

 younger brother she calls him kalkundne. See No. 11. 



"14. Brothers. See Xo. 10. The Hawaiian has no word for brother in the sense of the lan- 

 guages of Western Europe. The word hoahanau, from hoa, companion, and hanau, born, 'i. e., a com- 

 panion in birth, is used in a loose sense, and is now mostly applied to those belonging to the church, 

 or church members. They seldom use it of one born of the same parents. The word is in common 

 gender, and needs kdne or wahlne in order to specify the sex. I have used the terms hoahanau 

 and hoahanau wahine, for brothers and sisters, because they may be so used, and because without 

 them I could not go on with the degrees of relationship. 



"15. The Hawaiian has no words for uncle or aunt. All uncles and aunts are makua, i. e., 

 fathers or mothers. 



" 16. Makuahine. See No. 4. 



" It. See No. 15. This admits of another form in Hawaiian, but the phrase in the line is the 

 most common. 



" 18. Hawaiians have no words for nephew or niece. Nephews and nieces are all son and 

 daughters. 



" 19. Hawaiians have no term for cousin. All cousins are brothers and sisters, and the same dis- 

 tinguishing epithets of older and younger apply as in the case of own brothers and misters. See 

 Nos. 10-13. This applies to cousins of any degree. 



" 20. The word kupuna=more, literally means a grandparent, and with kdne or wahine, grand- 

 father or grandmother. This was, probably, the original idea ; but in common use -t means an 

 ancestor of any degree. 



" 21. The hunona has no corresponding term in English. It applies to a man who has married 

 my daughter, or to a woman who has married my son. 



" 22. Kolea has no corresponding term in English 



"23. Hunai (fed, nursed) is equivalent in practice to our word adoption, though it has no such 

 legal form. If a child lived to grow up in the family of one in no way related to it, or was 

 sustained at their expense, it was entitled by common law to inherit as if a real child. 



" 24. Puliena expresses the relationship of a man's parents to those of his wife. 



" 25. Kaikoeke is a brother-in-law or sister-in-law, according as kdne or wahine is added. 



" 26. The relationship of pinalua is rather amphibious. It arose from the fact that two or more 

 brothers, with their wives, or two or more sisters with their husbands, were inclined to possess each 

 other in common ; but the modern use of the word is that of dear friend, an intimate companion." 



