OF THE HUMAN FAMILY. 455 



VII. All the children of these, my collateral brothers and sisters, are my sons 

 and daughters ; and the children of the latter are my grandchildren. 



VIII. The wives of my collateral sons are my daughters-in-law, and the husbands 

 of my collateral daughters are my sons-in-law. The wives of my several collateral 

 brothers are my wives, and the husbands of my collateral sisters are my brothers- 

 in-law. 



IX. In each and all of these relationships the correlative terms are applied to 

 Ego ; e. g., the one I call father calls me son, the one I call grandfather calls me 

 grandson, the one I call elder brother calls me younger brother, and the one I call 

 father-in-law calls me son-in-law. 



X. The several collateral lines are ultimately merged in the lineal line, ascend- 

 ing as well as descending. 



From the foregoing propositions it appears, first, that the relationships of uncle and 

 aunt, nephew and niece, and cousin are unknown in the HaAvaiian system ; secondly, 

 that consanguine! are never described ; and, lastly, that they are generalized into as 

 many great classes or categories as there are primary relationships. All the members 

 of each class are thus reduced to the same level in the rank of their relationships 

 to each other, and to Ego, without regard to nearness or remoteness in degree. It 

 exhibits, as before stated, a perfect realization of the " Grades of Relatives" 

 described by the Chinese author, and which the Chinese system now fails to illus- 

 trate. If we make the application, commencing with grandfather, it will be seen 

 that my grandparents, and such kinsmen of theirs as stand to me in the relation of 

 grandparents, form one grade or class ; that my parents, and such relatives of theirs 

 as stand to me in the relationship of parents, form a second grade or class ; that 

 myself, with my brothers and sisters, and my collateral brothers and sisters, form a 

 third grade or class ; that my children, and the children of my collateral brothers 

 and sisters form a fourth grade or class ; and that my grandchildren and my colla- 

 teral grandchildren form a fifth grade or class. Those of each grade stand to Ego 

 in the same identical relationship, and the individuals of the same grade or class 

 stand to each other in the relationships of brothers and sisters. It follows, also, 

 that a knowledge of the degrees of consanguinity, numerically, is an integral part 

 of the Hawaiian system, without which it would be impossible to determine to 

 which of the great classes any given person belonged. The simple and distinctive 

 character of the Hawaiian system will at once arrest attention. It has positive 

 elements, which contravene natural suggestion, on the assumption of marriage 

 between single pairs, and it is also classificatory without the special discriminations 

 of the Turanian system. 



The Malayan form holds such an important relation both to the Turanian and 

 Ganowanian that it should be presented with some degree of detail. It affords a 

 probable solution of the origin of the classificatory system. 



There are terms in Hawaiian for grandparent, Kupuna, for parent, Makua, for 

 child, Kaikee, and for grandchild, Moopuna. The gender is expressed by adding 

 the terms for male and female, Kdna and Wdheena. Ancestors and descendants 

 above and below those named, are distinguished numerically, when it is necessary 



