456 SYSTEMS OF CONSANGUINITY AND AFFINITY 



to be specific, as second, third, and so on. But in common usage Kupund is ap 

 plied to all ancestors above father, and Moopuna to all descendants below son. 1 



In the manner of indicating the fraternal and sororal relationships, there are 

 peculiar characteristics which deserve special notice. 



Elder brother, said by a male, Kaikuaana. Said by a female, Kaikunana. 



Younger brother, " " Kaikaina. " Kaikunana. 



Elder sister, " " Kaikuwahina. " " Kaikuaana. 



Younger sister " " Kaikuwahiim. " " Kaikaina. 



It will be observed that a man calls his elder brother Kaikuaana, and that a 

 woman calls her elder sister the same ; a man calls his younger brother Kaikaina, 

 a woman calls her younger sister the same; hence these terms are in common 

 gender, and the manner of their use suggests the idea found in the Karen system, 

 of predecessor and successor in birth, although limited to the brothers of the male, 

 and to the sisters of the female. To this extent these relationships are conceived 

 in the twofold form of elder and younger. But a single term is used by the males 

 for elder and younger sister, and a single term by the females for elder and younger 

 brother. It thus appears that with Ego a male his brothers are classified into elder 

 and younger, whilst his sisters are placed in one class ; and that with Ego a female 

 her sisters are distinguished into alder and younger, whilst her brothers are placed 

 in one class. A double set of terms are in this way developed, one of which is 

 nsed by the males, and the other by the females. This arrangement is quite arti- 

 ficial as well as peculiar, and wherever it prevails will furnish evidence of 

 ethnic connection with the Hawaiians. Deviations from the common form, in 

 which two or more independent nations concur, very often suggest the order of the 

 separation of these nations from each other, and from the common stem. 



In the first collateral line, and irrespective of the sex of Ego, my brother's and 

 sister's children are my sons and daughters, and their children are my grandchildren. 



The husbands and wives of these several collateral sons and daughters are my 

 daughters-in-law and my sons-in-law, the terms used being in common gender, and 

 having the word for male or female added to each respectively. 



In the second collateral line my father's brother is my father ; his children are 

 my brothers and sisters, the same terms being used which are applied to own 

 brothers and sisters ; their children are my sons and daughters ; and the children 

 of the latter are my grandchildren. My father's sister is my mother ; her children 

 are my brothers and sisters ; the children of the latter are my sons and daughters ; 

 and their children are my grandchildren. 



In like manner, my mother's brother is my father ; his children are my brothers 

 and sisters ; the children of the latter are my sons and daughters ; and their chil- 

 dren are my grandchildren. My mother's sister is my mother ; her children are 

 my brothers and sisters ; the children of the latter are my sons and daughters ; and 

 their children are my grandchildren. 



The wives of these several collateral brothers are, Avithout distinction, my own 



1 See Judge Andrews's statement. Note, supra, 1, 820. 



