464 SYSTEMS OF CONSANGUINITY AND AFFINITY 



These explanations are so specific as to render a detailed presentation of the 

 Amazulu form, for the most part, unnecessary; but from the great importance 

 which attaches to this system, the several lines should be briefly considered. 



"b. Umetsha, umetshdnd, umzukulu, and umzukulwana are usually synonymous. Grandchildren 

 and all below grandchildren are designated by either of these words. 



" c. Umma, umnawa, and udada are never used alone, i. e., without the pronouns. We may say 

 bd Idmana, i. e., they were born one after the other (having the same father or mother). From the 

 verb we have the noun, ezalamana, (own) brothers and sisters. 



" There is another peculiarity to be observed here. Umna and udada always require the plural 

 pronoun. We must say umna wetu, our brother ; and not umna w&me, my brother. So also we 

 never hear a native say udada wame, my sister, but udada natu, our sister. 



"Umfo is very much used for brother, and it is a very convenient term, as it may be nsed either for 

 elder or younger brother. It must be used with a plural pronoun, thus umfo natu, our brother ; 

 never umfo wame, for my brother. Umfo without a pronoun means an enemy or stranger or 

 foreigner. Thus, if people come in from a neighboring nation, they may be called abafo (plural), 

 whether they come as enemies, or on any business. With a singular pronoun, umfo means son, thus 

 umfo wame, my son ; umfo waka, his son. Abafo watu = my brothers, abafo bdme = my sons ; 

 but this is not the usual term for son. 



"d. My father's brothers are my fathers, and my father's sisters are my fathers (not my mothers). 

 Aze may be added, thus, ubabakaze. 



"My mother's sisters are my mothers, umdma or umamakdze, but her brothers are not my fathers. 

 My mother's sister's husband is my father ubaba, and not ubabakaze. 



" e. Umaluma is my uncle, i. e., my mother's brother. The pronouns are not necessary, unyoko- 

 luma, thy uncle ; unindluma, his uncle. There is no special term for mother's brother's wife, unless 

 it be the same, umaluma. In speaking to her she might be addressed as um.ij.luma; but in speaking 

 of her a native would generally say, umkd mdluma, wife of my uncle. 



"f. My father's brother's son is the same to me as my father's son, i. e., unfo natu, my (own) 

 brother. The same is the rule as respects the other relations ; my father's brother's son's wife is 

 the same as my father's son's wife; i. e., my brothers wife, which is umkawe, 'my wife.' 



"g. It will be observed that umzala is the son or daughter of the umaluma. The relationship is 

 not reciprocal here, as with us, where both are cousins. My umzala (cousin) calls me his brother. 



"h. Umkwanyana = umkwanyd is the name given to a man who marries into a family. The father 

 and mother call him umkwayanna wame, my son ; but a brother or sister will always use the plural 

 pronoun, thus, umkwayana watu, our brother-in-law ; never umkwayana wame, my brother-in-law. 

 From the same root we have unkwa, father-in-law ; and umkuakaze, mother-in-law, i. e., the males 

 father-in-law and mother-in-law, ebakwame (locative case from ebukwd), at the wife's house. A man 

 generally calls his wife's father and mother, ubaba, and umdma, father and mother. 



"i. Umyana is the proper term for husband. A woman also calls her husband's brothers and 

 sisters by the same term, i. e., her husbands; she also calls them brothers and sisters. 



"j. Umkame is a compound word, composed of a noun and pronoun, and hence changes with the 

 person, thus, umkame, my wife ; umkdko, thy wife ; umkaka, his wife ; umka'nkaze, wife of the 

 king; umkafdka, wife of ufdku. The noun is never used except with a pronoun or noun as above. 

 Umfdze is another term, used for wife, which may be used without a pronoun or noun. A man's 

 brother's wife is his wife, and a woman's brother's wife is her wife. 



" k. Unydna is a term by which one wife of a polygamist addresses another wife, using the plural 

 pronoun, thus, unydnd watu. The husband's brother's wives are addressed in the same way. 



"1. Umfalskdze is a woman who has lost either her husband or children. I am not aware that 

 there is any term for widower. ll is not often that we meet with a widower. If a man loses one 

 or two wives he usually has several left. It is common to use the verb thus, ufalwa umkaka, ' lie 

 is died for by his wife,' i. e., he has lost his wife. 



"m. These relationships will be understood if we keep in mind that my father's father's sister's son 



