OF THE HUMAN FAMILY. 509 



nent, which, sooner or later, leads to the possession of flocks and herds, or to the 

 discovery of the cereals together with the art of cultivation, the first germs of civil- 

 ization were beyond their reach. With the exception of that portion of th'e family 

 who maintained some connection with the Asiatic continent, they have remained 

 in a stationary condition through a longer period of time than any other family of 

 mankind. It must be inferred, as a consequence, that their domestic institutions 

 have undergone the minimum amount of change. The extent of the agreement 

 and of the differences between the Malayan and the Turanian systems of relation- 

 ship have elsewhere been indicated. In constructing the latter, the former was 

 apparently used as the basis, and after substituting certain new relationships here 

 and there, and such only as were necessarily suggested by the principles of the 

 tribal organization, the remainder of the system was retained unaltered. An in- 

 ference of great importance arises from this undoubted identity of a part of the 

 Malayan system with the corresponding part of the Turanian, namely, that whilst 

 the former cannot be derived from the latter, the latter may have been engrafted 

 upon the former, which, if actually done, would make the Malayan the older form. 

 It is not probable that the Turanian form would ever revert into the Malayan ; 

 neither could that part which is distinctly Turanian be developed out of any ideas 

 or principles contained in the Malayan. The great change from the latter to the 

 former could only be effected by the introduction into the Malayan system of a new 

 and independent class of conceptions in harmony with those which were retained. 

 It will be seen by a comparison of the two systems that they stand to each other 

 in the precise relations indicated. The same is true with respect to the Ganowa- 

 nian as compared with the Malayan. 



This probable connection of the two forms raises the question of their relative 

 antiquity. It does not necessarily follow because the Malayan is the oldest form 

 that the Malayan family is also the oldest. On the contrary, if the supposed con- 

 nection of the two forms is real, it might follow, and the inference is both reason- 

 able and probable, that both families sprang from the same stock, amongst whom 

 the present Malayan system prevailed ; and that when this family broke off and 

 migrated to their insular homes, they carried with them the system as it then 

 existed and perpetuated it to the present time, as well as left it behind them 

 amongst the people from whom they separated. And finally, that the Turanian 

 element was engrafted upon the common form subsequent to the separation. An- 

 other inference of great significance necessarily and immediately follows, namely, 

 that the Ganowanian family became detached from the Turanian, subsequently to 

 the establishment of the Turanian system of relationship, and consequently, as a 

 family, are younger than the Malayan. If these conclusions should be sustained, 

 it will follow, as a further consequence, that America was not peopled from the 

 Polynesian Islands, the system of relationship having been completely developed 

 in Asia after the Malayan migration. 



Another result of this investigation was the discovery among the Eskimo of an 

 independent classificatory system of consanguinity, differing radically from the 

 Ganowanian, Turanian, and Malayan. It appears to remove any remaining doubt 

 with respect to the non-connection of the Eskimo with each and all of the families. 



