48 Telephone Systems of the Continent of Europe 



D, which for one or two wires is generally a porcelain tube with a 

 bell mouth, being provided to protect the point of entrance from 

 the weather. The Telephone Company of Austria employed 

 standards, manufactured by the Consolidated Telephone Con- 

 struction and Maintenance Company, of the design (due, the 

 author understands, to Mr. Howard Krause, late Manager of the 

 Austrian Company) shown in fig. 6. The arms consist of flat iron 

 bars pierced for the insulator bolts, and 

 fastened to the tube in the manner shown in 

 plan. These standards are also frequently 

 made double, with long arms carrying ten 

 insulators, and long footboards. The local 

 wires in the provinces are all single and of 

 1-25 mm. bronze, supported on double-shed 

 insulators, the bolts of which are fixed in with 

 tow. There is no underground work outside 

 Vienna, and no aerial cables have yet been used in Austria. Fig. 7 

 shows a form of insulator much used in Austria, Wiirtemberg, and 

 Germany, for dropping open wires from a roof to a window ; the 

 grooved projection forms a much better fastening for a vertical 

 wire than does an ordinary upright bell. 



OUTSIDE WORK (TRUNK) 



The trunk lines are of bronze of 3 mm. and 4 mm. diameter, 

 according to length. They are all metallic circuits, and as a rule 

 are crossed every sixteen spans to counteract induction. There is 

 nothing special about the supports. The Austrian section of the 

 International line to Berlin is of 4 mm. bronze. When there is 

 more than one metallic circuit between the same points they 

 generally follow different routes ; thus Vienna has three loops to 

 Prague, measuring respectively 307, 308, and 354 kilometers. 



PAYMENT OF WORKMEN 



Foremen receive i/. &s. 4^. per week ; skilled wiremen, i/. ; and 

 labourers, from i$s. to i6s. %d. The sleeping allowance is io</. 

 per night. A day's work is ten hours in summer and eight in winter. 



