German Empire 



of aerial wires to the summits of brick 

 or masonry towers is not open to ob- 

 jection. The vibration is not only 

 great, but incessant, while it is difficult, 

 in most cases impossible, to secure an 

 equal stress all round. When this 

 cannot be done there is a permanent 

 strain on the tower. The great struc- 

 ture at Stockholm is built on steel 

 pillars carried down to the ground in 

 order to avoid trusting to brickwork or 

 masonry. 



Having given the Imperial Adminis- 

 tration every credit for the enterprise 

 and ability which stand revealed in its 

 exchange fixtures, the author is con- 

 strained to lament that the same class 

 of work has not been considered neces- 

 sary for the ordinary overhouse stan- 

 dards. These are decidedly wanting in 

 the most important of all qualities 

 strength. Figs. 73,73.*, 7 4, and 7 4A show 

 the single and double standards respec- 

 tively 'with their fittings and details to 

 scale. There are also standards with 

 three and even four uprights, but these 

 are simply extensions of the double. 

 The standards consist of iron or steel 

 tubes, three inches in external diameter, 

 which are bolted or clamped to the 

 rafters or other suitable portions of the 

 roof. The arms are formed of two flat 

 iron bars riveted together, the rivets 

 passing through spacing rings, and 

 having a stiffening piece cut out to fit 

 the circumference of the tube, fas- 

 tened at the middle by two rivets 

 which pass through the stiffening 



20 -40 60 80 100 

 FIG. 73. Scale of 200 centimeters. 



