Structural Characteristics 125 



The foliage of species native to countries with 

 mild winters remains fresh and green longer than 

 that of species of countries where the winters are more 

 severe. Thus, germanica, which probably orginated 

 in southern Europe, is there never entirely leafless, 

 practically ever-green, but the species native to the 

 colder countries of central Europe, which are noted 

 under Classification, page in, there lose their leaves 

 in autumn. The varieties of each of the several 

 species, even when grown elsewhere than in the 

 country of the species' origin, generally retain this 

 characteristic of the species to a marked degree. Here 

 in northern Illinois, which has a trying climate, sub- 

 stantially all the foliage of the germanicae and inter- 

 mediates which are about the first to begin the 

 season's growth (seepage 123) remains green until 

 late in the season, and in the case of the germanicae 

 a considerable portion continues green until spring. 

 (See Figs. XLVII, and XLVIII, under What to 

 Plant in Chapter VI.) As species, their foliage 

 as a whole furnishes exceptions to the general 

 rule 



As forests change their foliage year by year 

 Leaves that came first, first fall and disappear. 



Horace: Art of Poetry. (Martin's tr.) 



FLOWER-STEM. The flower-stem rises from the 

 apex of the rhizome, from the middle of a fan or cluster 



