510 MAMMOTH, OR FOSSIL ELEPHANT. 



3. ELEPHAS PRIMIGENIUS, Blum, or MAMMOTH. 

 The Elephant with elongated skull, concave forehead ', 

 very long alveoles for the tusks, the lower jaw obtuse, 

 the grinders broader, parallel, marked with closer bands, 

 which we name the Fossil Elephant (Elephas primige- 

 nius, Blum.J, is the Mammoth of the Russians. Its 

 bones are only found in the fossil state. No person has 

 seen in a fresh state bones resembling those by which 

 this species is peculiarly distinguished, nor have the 

 bones of the two preceding species been seen in .the fos- 

 sil state.* Its bones are found in great number in many 

 countries, but in better preservation in the north than 

 elsewhere. It resembles the Indian more than the Afri- 

 can species. It differs, however, from the former in the 

 grinders, in the form of the lower jaw, and many other 

 bones, but especially in the length of the alveolae and 

 tusks. This last character must have singularly modi- 

 fied the figure and organisation of its proboscis, and 

 given it a physiognomy much more different from that 

 of the Indian species, than might have been expected 

 from the similarity of the rest of their bones. It appears 

 that its tusks were generally large, frequently more or 

 less spirally arcuate, and directed outwards. There is 

 no proof that they differ much according to differences 

 of sex or race. The size was not much greater than 

 that to which the Indian species may attain ; it appears 

 to have been still clumsier in its proportions. It is al- 

 ready manifest from its osseous remains, that it was a 



* According to Schleiermacher, Goldfuss and Von Bachr, fossil 

 tusks, resembling those of the African Elephant, have been found 



some districts. Cuvier, however, questions their being in a true 

 fossil state. 



