THE CROWN AND COMMONERS 9 



holds which are in some cases demised tempo- 

 rarily to private individuals. 



Thirdly, there are the rights of the com- 

 moners of the New Forest to exercise over certain 

 portions of the Forest conjointly with the Crown 

 certain defined privileges of pasture, of pannage, 

 and of estovers in respect of the ownership of 

 certain particular lands or houses. 



Of these commoners there are two sections. 

 First, the landowner, often the proprietor of 

 a large estate, who is the possessor of the 

 lands to which as set forth and defined by the 

 statutory register, these rights attach. He is 

 the actual commoner, and the owner of the 

 rights. 



Secondly, there is the exercising commoner 

 or the tenant to whom the large proprietor has 

 let his land, to farm it in the ordinary course 

 of English estate management. These form 

 the main body of the commoners who actually 

 breed and turn out cattle and ponies in the 

 right of their landlord, for the right attaches 

 solely to the land or the house, not to the indi- 

 vidual, and for these rights they pay a sub- 

 stantial amount in the form of additional rent 

 for each right, and may be termed vicarious 

 commoners. 



There are also a number of small holders, 



