INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. 



FIGURE 



1. Plank properly fixed with heart side against the team . . 5 



2. Plank improperly fixed with outside against the beam . . 5 

 3 a, b. Medullary rays, or silver grain 6 



3 c. Concentric circles, or annual layers 6 



4. Conversion of sap-wood into heart-wood .... 9 



5. Do. do. partially completed . . -9 



6. Conical or tapering form of woody layers . . . 15 



7. Pith, snake-like form of 24 



8 a, b. Heart-shake defect 28 



9. Do. do. twisting form 29 



10. Do. do. at right angles to each other . . .29 



11. Star-shake defect 30 



12 0, b. Cup-shake defect 31 



13. Defect caused by a broken branch . . . . -37 



14. Proper mode of pruning . . . . . . 3& 



15. Rindgall defect 39 



1 6 a, b. British Oak, Rough, form of log 72 



IT a, b. Do. Sided, do. 73 



1 8. Do. Compass, do. 74 



19. Do. do. do. 74 



20 a, b. French Oak, mode of hewing ...... 79 



21 a, b. Italian Oak, compass form of log 86 



22. Riga Oak, semicircular, do. 96 



23. African Oak, irregular, do 146 



24. Spanish Mahogany, general, do .170 



25. Jarrah, mode of flitching . 193 



26 a, b. English Elm, rough, form of log ...... 223 



27. Canada Rock Elm, defective annual layers .... 226 



28 a, b. Canada Red Pine, mode of hewing ..... 272 



29. Canada Yellow Pine. do. . . . . . 277 



30. Do. Section showing seven pieces taken 

 across the full breadth of the tree . . . . .279 



31. Canada Yellow Pine. Section showing eight pieces, do. . 282 

 32 #,,<:. American Pitch Pine. Section and twelve lengths of the 



inner and outer layers 288 



33. New Zealand Kaurie. Section showing four pieces taken 



from one side, and two pieces from the other side of 

 pith 298 



34. New Zealand Kaurie. Section, and butt, middle, and top 



lengths, three on each side of the pith .... 300 



