THE HEAD. 



7. Supermaxillary bone. In carnivora, this bone is very short ; its anterior border 

 offers a long process analogous to the nasal spine of Man. It alone furnishes the alveolus 

 of the tusk. The palatine canal, pieiced entirely in the bone of that name, nevertheless 

 opens, by its inferior extremity, at the junction of the supermaxillary with the palate 

 bone. The maxillary sinus is not very spacious, and tbere is no maxillary spin 



8. Premaxillary bone. Of little size, the premaxillary 



of carnivora has no incisive foramen or alveolar cavity ior 

 the canine tooth. The incisive openings are the same as 

 in the Pig. 



9. Palate bone. In the carnivora, the palate bones are 

 of great extent in their proper palatine portion. They have 

 no share in the formation of the sphenoidal sinuses, but 

 furnish a small excavation to the maxillary sinuses. 



10. Pterygoid bone. This bone is very strong in car- 

 nivora, and quadrilateral in shape. 



11. Zygoma. The zygoma of the Dog and Cat only 

 articulates with the superiu axillary bone by its base. The 

 crest describes a curve backwards, and the summit com- 

 ports itself as in the Tig. 



12. Lachrymal bone. This bone in carnivora is ex- 

 tremely small. Its external face entirely belongs to the 

 orbit, and does not descend beneath the margin of that 

 cavity ; it has no lachrymal fossa. 



13. Nasal bone. The two bones of the nose are little 

 developed, and are wider below than above; they have 

 no nasal prolongation, but offer instead a semicircular 

 notch. 



14. Turbinated bones. These bones in the Dog and Cat 

 are particularly distinguished for their numerous convo- 

 lutions. Neither participate in the formation of the frontal 

 or maxillary sinuses ; the latter is not in any way closed 

 by the maxillary turbinated bone, but opens into the 

 nasal cavity by a large gaping aperture. 



15. Inferior maxillary bone. In carnivora, this is 

 hollowed at the point corresponding to the insertion of 

 the masseter muscle into a somewhat deep fossa. The 

 posterior border is disposed as in ruminants, and below 

 the condyle has a very marked tuberosity. The condyle 

 represents an ovoid segment, and fits exactly into the 

 temporal cavity. The coronoid process is very strong, 

 elevated, and wide. The mental foramina are double or 

 treble. There are no interdental spaces, nor excavated 

 surface on the inner face of the branches ; and the latter 

 are never consolidated. 



16. Hyoid bone. The three pieces composing the body 

 of the hyoid in early life are never consolidated in the 

 adult animal, but always remain isolated, as in Man. 

 The middle piece has no anterior appendix; the fibro- 

 cartilages uniting the styloid portions to each other and 

 to the temporal bone are very long and flexible. 



COMPARISON OF THE HEAD OF MAN WITH THAT OF THE 

 DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 



Fig. 34 



1. Occipital bone. The occipital of Man is large, flat, 

 incurvated like a shell, and the external protuberance is 

 slightly developed, and united by a ridge to the occipital 

 foramen, which is relatively very wide. Two series of 

 ridges arise from the external protuberance and pass 

 towards the circumference of the bone; these are the 

 superior and inferior curved or semicircular lines. There 

 is an anterior and a posterior condyloid fossa pierced by a 

 foramen at the bottom ; and the jugular eminences, wide and slightly prominent, re- 

 place the styloid processes of the domesticated animals. 



The internal face of the occipital of Man corresponds with the cerebrum and 



DOG'S HEAD ; POSTERIOR FACE. 



1, Occipital protuberance; 2, 

 Occipital foramen ; 3, Occi- 

 pital condyle ; 4, Condyloid 

 foramen ; 5, Styloid process 

 of the occipital ; 6, Mastoid 

 protuberance ; 7, Concave 

 temporo-maxillary articular 

 surface ; 8, Supercondy- 

 loid eminence; 9, Inferior 

 orifice of the parieto-tem- 

 poral canal ; 10, Lacer- 

 ated foramen, posterior ; II, 

 Ditto, anterior. On the op- 

 posite side at a is shown 

 the orifice communicating 

 with the Eustachian tube 

 and the tympanum; at b 

 the passage for the carotid 

 convolution. 12, Body of 

 the sphenoid ; 13, Oval fora- 

 men; 14, Inferior orifice of 

 the subsphenoidal canal ; 

 15, Pterygoid bone; 16, 

 Nasal surface of the palate 

 bone; 17, Palatine surface 

 of the same; 18, Vomer; 



19, Supermaxillary bone; 



20, Incisive opening. 



