98 THE BONES. 



To recapitulate, there is observed in the pelvis of the Mare: 



1. A great increase in the transverse diameters; 



2. A deep and regularly concave ischiatic notch; 



3. A wide and concave ischial arch ; 



4. Circular obturator foramina; 



5. The cotyloid cavities distant from the pubic symphysis. 



THIGH. 



This has for its base one bone, the femur 



Femur. 



The femur is a long, pair bone, situated in an oblique direction down- 

 wards and forwards, between the coxa and the principal bone of the leg ; it 

 is divided into a body and two extremities. 



Body. It is irregularly cylindrical, and presents for study four faces. 

 The external, internal, and anterior, confounded with one another, are 

 regularly rounded and almost smooth, showing only some slight imprints 

 and vascular grooves. The posterior, nearly plane, and wider above than 

 below, offers : 1, Outwardly and towards the superior third, an uneven 

 circular surface ; 2, On the same level, and inwardly, a slight crest, oblique 

 downwards and outwards; 3, In the middle, a very extensive roughened 

 surface, having the form of an obliquely angular parallelogram, for the 

 attachment of the great adductor muscle of the thigh ; 4, Below this 

 surface, a large vascular groove running obliquely outwards and downwards. 



On the limit of the posterior and external faces are found, towards the 

 upper third, a large rugged, flattened eminence, curved in front, and termed 

 the snbtrochanterian crest, 1 because of its position under the trochanter ; below, a 

 deep fossa, named the subcondyloid, garnished at its bottom with asperities 

 and bordered in front by an uneven lip. On the limit of the posterior and 

 internal face, there is observed from above to below : 1, The small trochanter, 

 a large scabrous tuberosity, elongated in conformity with the bone, and 

 situated near its upper fourth; 2, A marked longitudinal imprint for 

 the attachment of the pectineus ; behind, it is confounded with the surface 

 for the insertion of the great adductor muscle of the thigh, and presents, in 

 front, the nutrient foramen of the bone; 3, The origin of the great 

 posterior fissure ; 4, Quite below, a collection of large tubercles which form 

 the supracondyloid crest. 



Extremities. The superior extremity is sensibly flattened before and 

 behind, and shows : 1, Inwardly, an articular head which is received into the 

 cavity of the acetabulum. This head is separated from the other portion of 

 the body by a neck, which is, however, not well .marked in the Horse, and 

 forms two-thirds of a sphere, excavated in its internal part by a very deep 

 cavity for ligamentous insertion , 2, Outwardly, a very large eminence, the 

 trochanter, or great (external) trochanter, in which is recognised, as in the 

 trochlea of the humerus : a summit, much more elevated than the articular 

 head and slightly bent inwards ; a convexity, incrusted with cartilage and 

 anterior to the summit, from which it is separated by a narrow and deep 

 notch ; a crest situated under the convexity, and formed by a tuberculous 

 surface on which one of the tendons of the middle gluteus muscle becomes 



1 This is the third trochanter of Cuyier, and takes the place of the external and 

 superior branch of the linf.a aspera of Man. (It is the external small trochanter of 

 Percivall and the middle troehanter of Leyh.) 



