106 THE BONES. 



The rim of the cotyloid cavity has also three notches, and the supracotyloid crest, or 

 ischiatic spine, is very elevated and sharp, and but little roughened outwardly. 



The external iliac fossa of the Sheep and Goat is separated into two portions by a small 

 longitudinal crest. 



The pelvis of the Pig closely resembles that of the smaller ruminants; though the 

 crest of the ilium is convex, and there is no protuberance outside the ischio-pubic 

 Bymphysis. 



In Carnivora the lateral diameter of the pelvis is greater behind than in front. The 

 ilium is nearly vertical, and its external face is much depressed. The notch forming the 

 ischial arcli occupies no more than the internal moiety of the posterior border of the 

 ischium J between this arch and the ischiatiu tuberosity is a rugged lip directed down- 

 wards, There is no furrow on the Icfwer face of the pubis. 



B. THIGH. In ail the domesticated animals except Solipeds, the femur tends to become 

 curved, prismatic, and triangular ; the posterior lace contracts, and the surfaces of insertion 

 that it presents gradually approach each other until they become confounded and form the 

 linea aspera in certain species. The head is more distinct , the small trochanter is a 

 rough tubercle, and is joined to the large trochanter by an oblique osseous lip ; the latter 

 trochanter subsides and forms a single mass whose summit and convexity are con- 

 founded ; the third trochanter, the fossa, and the supracondyloid crest are more or less 

 effaced. 



In the Ox, there is no subtrochanterian crest ; the supracondyloid fossa is shallow, 

 and the cret little noticeable. The head is well detached and ] as its centre ex- 

 cavated by a shallow fossa of insertion. The trochlea is narrow, and its inner border 

 ascends much higher on the anterior face of the bone than the external. 



In the Sheep and Goat, the general form of the femur resembles that of the Ox. It is 

 observed, however, that the body is slightly curved backwards ; that the supracondyloid 

 fossa is nearly obliterated ; that the trochanter has subsided nearly to a level with the 

 articular head, and that the trochlea is circumscribed by two equal-sized lips. 



In the femur of the Pig there is also noticed a supracondyloid fossa, but it is wide 

 and shallow ; the rugosities of the posterior face are replaced by some salient lines ; the 

 trochanter is on a level with the head ; the latter is supported by a somewhat constricted 

 neck, and is situated within and in front of the great trochanter. This latter disposition 

 changes the direction of the great axis of the superior extremity, which obliquely crosses 

 that of the inferior extremity. 



In the Dog and Cat, the femur is long and curved like a bow. The rugged surfaces 

 of the posterior face are confounded, and form two crests representing the linea aspera of 

 the human femur. These crests do not lie against each other in the middle portion of 

 the bone; they are merely parallel, then, they diverge above and below, to terminate 

 beneath the great and small trochanters, and above the two condyles. The great tro- 

 chanter is not so high as the articular head. The femur of Carnivora is also distin- 

 guished : 1, By the complete absence of the third trochanter and the supracondyloid 

 fossa this last being replaced by a small tubercle which terminates below the external 

 branch of the linea aspera; 2, By the marked constriction and length of the neck sup- 

 porting the articular head ; 3, By the depth of the digital fossa, which is bordered by an 

 oblique lip extending from the great to the small trochanter. 



C. LEG. In the leg-bone there is observed, in the various domesticated animals, differ- 

 ences analogous to those mentioned as existing in the fore-arm of the thoracic limb. More 

 particularly is this the case with regard to the development of the fibula; in Kuminants 

 this bone is reduced to its inferior nucleus. In these animals the patella is also very 

 narrow; and in all the domesticated species except Solipeds, the articular grooves in the 

 lower end of the tibia are directed immediately from before to behind. 



In the Ox, the tibia is short ; it is longer in the Goat and the Sheep. The tibia of 

 these animals is remarkable for: 1, The absence of the lateral facet on the supero- 

 external tuberosity; 2, The absence of a vertical fossa on the anterior tuberosity; 

 3, The absence of roughened lines on the posterior face ; the obliquity downwards and 

 inwards of the inferior articular surface. The most salient point of this surface is the 

 anterior extremity of the middle tenon. 



The body of the fibula and its upper extremity are replaced by a fibrous cord which 

 is sometimes ossified wholly or in part. 



In the Pig, the fibula is flattened on both sides, extends the whole length of the leg, 

 and is united to the tibia by its two extremities : above, by a diarthrodial facet ; below, 

 by an interosseous ligament. It is developed from three ossiric centres: the inferior 

 articulates with the calcaneus and astragalus, and forms a prominence resembling the 

 external malleolus. 



In Carnivora, the tibia is long and slender, and presents a salient anterior crest. The 



