TEE URINAEY APPARATUS. 497 



superposed pyramid of Ferrein ; they terminate, towards the hilus, by a cone or renal 

 papilla, each surrounded by a calyx, and are separated by small prolongations of the 

 cortical substance the colunmae Bertini. 



2. Ureters. The canals are disposed at their origin as in the Ox ; they terminate as 

 in the other animals. In the hilus of the kidney are from eight to fifteen prolongations or 

 calices, which unite into a larger cavity or great calyx, that finally opens into the renal 

 pelvis ; this is immediately followed by the ureter. 



3. Bladder. The large extremity of this organ is directed downwards in the bottom of 

 the pelvis, where it is continuous with the urethral canal ; its summit is directed upwards, 

 and is frequently pointed. Its mode of attachment and internal conformation are the 

 same as in animals; and, as in the Horse, the peritoneum envelops it very incompletely. 

 The muscular fibres are arranged into three planes : a superficial, which forms a band 

 that is carried from the anterior to the posterior face in passing over the summit ; a 

 middle plane whose fibres are circular ; and a deep plane with reticulated fibres. 



Supra-renal capsules. This name is quite appropriate to these bodies, as in Man, or 

 at least in the foetus, they form a kind of helmet that covers the upper part of the 

 kidney. 



There is nothing to add respecting their structure. 



