THE FEMALE GENITAL ORGANS. 887 



furnished with a tuft of hair. (The corpus cavernosum of the clitoris is longer, thinner, 

 and more flexuous, and the gland much smaller than in the Mare.) The meatus 

 urinarius is disposed as in the mare ; but there exists, on the floor of tiie urethra, a valve 

 whose free border is directed backwards. This valve surmounts a small cul-de-sac 

 which it is necessary to avoid in catheterism of the bladder. At about an inch from the 

 entrance to the vulva, there are found in the texture of the labia the vulvo-vaginal glands 

 (glands of BarthoUne). Discovered by Duverney, described by Bartholine, and 

 recently by Colin, 1 these glands (two in number) are about the size of a large almond ; 

 their wide extremity is directed upwards, and the narrow end, situated in the vicinity 

 of the ischio-clitoridis muscle, gives origin to the excretory canaliculi. They are 

 racemose, and their ducts unite to form a kind of sinus, which at length opens in the 

 vaginal cavity, about 4 inches from the labia of the vulva. (.These glandulse vaginae, are 

 supposed to be analogous to the prostate glands, and are covered by muscular fasciculi. 

 They are composed of pyriform glandular vesicles, lined by squamous epithelium, and 

 surrounded by a dense nucleated connective tissue ; the excretory ducts are invested by 

 columnar epithelium, and surrounded by a thin layer of smooth muscle-cells, disposed 

 longitudinally. Their secretion is a clear, yellowish, viscid mucus.) 



(In the Sheep and Goat, the labia of the vulva have several folds externally, and the 

 inferior commissure terminates in a point.) 



Mammse. In the Cow, each lateral mammary mass, although enclosed in a single 

 fibrous capsule, is composed of two distinct glands, each having its teat ; so that this 

 animal really has four mammse and four teats. There are also frequently found behind 

 these, two rudimentary imperforate (sometimes, though very rarely, perforate) teats. 



In the centre of each gland, at the base of the teat, is a single galactoferous sinus, the 

 general confluent of all the lactiferous ducts a wide cavity opening at the extremity of 

 the teat by a definitive excretory canal. (The mammse of the Cow occupy the same 

 region as those of the Mare, and the teats are longer and thicker.) 



In the Sheep and Goat, there are only two mammse, as in the Mare and Ass, though 

 they are formed as in the Cow. The Goat has frequently two posterior rudimentary 

 mammge. 



PIG. The ovary of the Sow has a lobulated aspect, like the ovary of birds This 

 appearance is due to the ovisacs which, when they are well developed, project beyond 

 the surface of the ovarium, instead of remaining encysted in its stroma. The oviduct 

 is less flexuous, but its length is proportionately greater than in the other species. The 

 body of the uterus is short, but the cornua are very long and folded, and float amongst 

 the intestinal convolutions. (Its cervix does not project into the vagina, and the two 

 cavities, vagina and uterus, are continued into each other without any marked limit 

 between them. The mucous membrane is very loose, soft, and fine to the touch, and its 

 surface is gathered up into numerous folds of various forms. The broad ligaments 

 resemble the mesentery, and the comua join the Fallopian tubes without any very 

 perceptible limit.) 



The vagina shows Gaertner's canals, as in the Cow. (Its mucous membrane has 

 numerou. longitudinal folds anteriorly ; and in front a multitude of fine points, which 

 are the excretory ducts of small glands analogous to the prostates. On the sides of the 

 meatus urinarius are two small fossettes surrounded by a ring. There is no -vaginal valve.} 

 The inferior commissure of the vulva is more acute than in Ruminants. The mammae 

 are ten in number, disposed in two rows, extending from the inguinal region to below 

 the chest, They have no galactoferous reservoirs, as in the larger Ruminants : the 

 lactiferous ducts uniting directly into a variable number of definitive canals that pass 

 through the teat, to pierce its extremity by from five to ten orifices. (There are, of 

 course, five or six glands in each row, each with its teat.) 



CAENIVOKA. In the Dog and Cat, the ovaries and uterus are disposed as in the Pig ; 

 the ovaries (are situated behind the kidneys, and) are lodged in a particular fold of the 

 broad ligaments, which forms a kind of cup. There are no Gsertner's canals in the 

 vagina. The vulva of the Dog is triangular, nnd acute at its inferior commissure. The 

 Cat has a small bone in the clitoris. The mammx are ten in number in the Dog, and 

 eight hi the Cat , they are distinguished, as in the Pig, into inguinal, abdominal, and 

 pectoral. (Each teat has from eight to ten orifices. The vagina is long, and wider at 

 the vulva than towards the uterus. Beside the smooth muscular fibres of its external 

 coat, it has white fibres which give it greater thickness and resistance. The mucous 

 membrane forms longitudinal, intersected by transverse, folds; the valve of the meatus 

 urinarius scarcely exists. The cervix of the uterus projects into the vagina, and is even 

 more voluminous than the body, which is short ; it is hard to the touch.) 



1 ' Traite de Physiologic Compared des Animaux Domestiques.' Paris, 1871. 



