74 IMMUNITY 



the bouillon, the culture is killed at 70 C. for three hours. It is 

 then used as vaccine, 3 c.c. is the usual dose for man, 2 c.c. for 

 woman, and children still less. After the inoculation, heat and 

 redness appear at the site of inoculation, and the patient feels ill 

 and has some fever. Haffkine holds that immunity against the 

 plague is complete in twenty-four hours after vaccination. His 

 results are at times really very good. In a village, Unhera, among 

 64 uninoculated people, there were 27 cases with 26 deaths. Among 

 71 inoculated persons under the same conditions, and of the same 

 families as the uninoculated, there were 8 cases and 3 deaths. The 

 fatalities among the unvaccinated exceeded those among the 

 inoculated by 89.65 percent. 



The Indian Plague Commission reported that the measure was 

 valuable as a means of preventing infection; while it was not an abso- 

 lutely certain means, yet it sensibly diminished the death rate. The 

 immunity lasts about a month. Such vaccines are not to be used 

 after attack has started. Yersin and Wyssokowitsch have devised 

 an anti-toxic and bactericidal serum from injecting horses and 

 monkeys. This may be used as a remedy. 



Vaccination Against Anthrax. 



Of all forms of vaccination against disease with attenuated 

 bacteria this is the most successful. Its use is confined to domestic 

 animals, sheep, cattle, and horses, and has reduced the mortality 

 in the country where it is used from 10 percent to .5 percent. 

 The method requires the employment of two vaccines made of 

 attenuated anthrax bacilli. No. i is a culture of bacilli attenuated 

 by growing them at a high temperature, 42.5 C., in a current of 

 air for twenty-four days. No. 2 is grown at the same temperature 

 for only twelve days. The first vaccine is used to immunize the 

 animal against the second, which causes a marked local reaction, 

 and which is the real immunization agent against infection with 

 virulent anthrax bacilli. The injections are given about one week 

 apart. Many State Governments as well as the Federal Govern- 



