398 HISTORICAL GEOLOGY. 



the top of its elevated antlers and ten feet between their 

 tips. Of carnivores there were the great cave-bear, larger 

 than the grizzly ; a lion and a tiger as large as the African 

 lion and the Bengal tiger ; a saber-toothed tiger (Machai- 

 rodus), more formidable than either, with its saber-like 

 tusks projecting six to eight inches beyond the gums ; 

 hyenas in great abundance ; besides many smaller species. 

 The remains of man have also been found associated with 

 these extinct animals. 



Mammoth. This great animal deserves more special 

 mention. During Quaternary times, three great elephants 

 roamed in herds over Europe. The greatest of these in 

 fact the greatest of all elephants, and the most numerous 

 at this time was the mammoth (Elephas primiqenius). 

 The remains of these are found everywhere, but the most 

 perfect in Siberia. Here perfectly fresh carcasses have 

 been exposed by the undermining, by the river, of the 

 frozen bluffs of the river-banks. The one represented 

 here (Fig. 351) is in the Museum of St. Petersburg. The 

 dried skin still remains on the feet and portions of the 

 head. It is known from these carcasses that this elephant 

 was covered with a thick wool, and over this long hair. 

 Unlike living elephants, it was adapted to endure cold. 

 The same was true of the Quaternary rhinoceros, the 

 carcasses of which have also been found preserved in 

 the same way. 



Quaternary Mammals in America. Great mam- 

 mals were equally abundant in America. There roamed 

 in herds all over this country one species of the mastodon 

 and two species of the elephant, viz., the Elephas primi- 

 genius, or mammoth, and the Elephas Americanus. There 

 were also three or four species of the horse, some of 

 gigantic size ; several species of oxen, one of them ten 

 feet from tip to tip of their widely spreading horns ; 

 several species of the e n k, one of them equal to the great 

 Irish elk, and a great number of gigantic edentates, 



