410 HISTORICAL GEOLOGY. 



Primeval Man in Europe. 



According to our schedule, man is traced back to the 

 Mid-Quaternary. Some geologists think that there are 

 signs of his existence still earlier, viz., in the Tertiary; 

 but the evidence is acknowledged to be unsatisfactory. 

 We shall confine ourselves, therefore, to Quaternary man. 

 We shall commence with Europe, as the evidence is more 

 complete, and all the steps represented. 



Quaternary Man ; Mammoth Ag-e ; the River- 

 Drift Man. Some twenty years ago, M. Boucher de 

 Perthes found, in the undisturbed gravels of the upper 

 terraces of the river Somme, the implements of man asso- 

 ciated with the bones of many extinct Quaternary animals, 

 such as the mammoth, the rhinoceros, the hippopotamus, 

 the hyena, the horse, the Irish elk, the cave-lion, etc. 

 The doubts which were at first entertained by the more 

 cautious geologists have been entirely removed by careful 

 examination. We give this as only one example of very 

 many. In all cases the implements are of the rudest kind 

 of flaked flints, like those figured on page 414. 



The Cave -Man. In Quaternary times, man un- 

 doubtedly contested with the hyena, the lion, the saber- 

 toothed tiger, and the cave-bear the right to occupy the 

 caves as homes. The evidence of this is found in the 

 association of his implements, and even his bones, with 

 those of all the extinct carnivores mentioned, under con- 

 ditions which admit of no doubt of their contempo- 

 raneousness. They are sometimes entombed together, 

 and covered with stalagmitic crust, which has never been 

 broken from Quaternary times until rifled by the geolo- 

 gist. We give a single example. 



The Mentone Man. In a cave at Mentone, near 

 Nice, has been recently found the almost perfect skeleton 

 of an old man, of more than average height, lying on 

 his side in an easy position, and about him chipped im- 



