412 HISTORICAL GEOLOGY. 



flooded rivers and lakes, and probably the great glaciers. 

 He certainly hunted the great extinct Quaternary animals, 

 the mammoth, the cave-bear, the cave-lion, the great Irish 

 elk, and the reindeer. All the evidence points to an ex- 

 tremely low, savage state, with little or no tribal organi- 

 zation. There is no evidence yet of either domestic ani- 

 mals or of agriculture. 



Neolithic Man. 



Kitchen-Middens ; Refuse-Heaps ; Shell-Mounds. 



In many parts of Europe, especially in Denmark and 

 Sweden, are found mounds, composed wholly of shells 

 and other refuse of tribal gatherings and feastings. The 

 men of that time seem to have had the habit of gathering 

 annually at some place where food was abundant, usually 

 on the seashore, at the mouth of a river. From year to 

 year the refuse of such gatherings accumulated until 

 mounds of great extent were gradually formed. In these 

 mounds are found the bones of men and animals and the 

 implements of men, and from these we may form a good 

 idea of the character and habits of the men. 



Here, then, we find a great and somewhat sudden 

 change : 1. There are no longer any extinct Quaternary 

 animals. 2. We find here, for the first time, domestic 

 animals, viz., the dog, the ox, the sheep, etc., and also 

 evidences of agriculture. 3. The implements are no 

 longer only chipped, but are often carefully polished by 

 rubbing. Rude pottery is also found. 4. We have here 

 for the first time the evidence of tribal organization, 

 similar to the savage races of the present day. 5. The 

 conformation of the skull shows a different race from that 

 of the cave and river-drift men. In a word, we have here 

 the appearance in Europe, probably by migration, of 

 a different and higher race. Until this time man in 

 Europe seems to have contended doubtfully with wild 

 animals : now he seems to have established his su- 



