420 



INDEX. 



Earthquakes, 154. 



beneath the sea-bed, 159. 

 cause of, 157. 



connection of, with phases of the 

 moon, and with the weather, 

 163. 



frequency of, 155. 

 great sea-wave of, 160. 

 phenomena of, 155. 

 Echinoderm (spiny skin), 277. 

 Echinoid (urchin-like), 277, 352. 

 Echinus (hedgehog or urchin) : a 



sea-urchin, 277. 

 Elasmobranchs, 291. 

 Elevation and subsidence, cause 



of, 171. 



of crust, gradual, 165. 

 Eocene (dawn of recency), 364. 

 Eohippus (dawn of earliest horse,, 



Eozoon (dawn animal), 266. 

 Epicentrum (upon the center), 156. 



of an earthquake, mode of de- 

 termining, 163. 

 Epochs, 262. 

 Equisetse : horse-tails, scouring- 



rush, 287, 306, 326. 

 Eras, 259. 

 Erosion, agents of, 252. 



amount of, 253. 



average rate of, 19. 



general, or denudation, 252. 



general results of glacial, 396. 



of rain and rivers, 18. 

 Eruptive rocks, true, 214. 

 Estuaries, deposits in, 38. 



how formed, 37. 



Evolution, bearing of Devonian 

 fishes on, 295. 



Falls, Niagara, 20. 



of St. Anthony, 22. 



Minnehaha, 22. 



Yosemite, 23. 

 False bedding, 184. 

 Faults, amount of displacement, 

 230. 



kinds of, 232. 



law of slip, 232. 



Faunas and floras, continental, 

 123. 



defined, 118. 



marine, 129. 



Faunas and floras, geographical, 

 explained, 403. 



Favositid (honeycomblike stone), 

 275. 



Felsite, 213. 



Ferns, 306. 



Fiords (Norwegian term for deep 

 inlets between high head- 

 lands), 45. 

 origin of, 396. 



Fishes, age of, 286. 



Fissures, great, 229. 

 great characteristics of, 230. 



Flood-plain, 30.' 

 of the Mississippi, 31 . 

 of the Nile, age of, 31. 



Floras, defined, 118. 



Florida, reefs and keys of, 109. 



Floriformis (flower-like), 275. 



Folded strata, 186. 



Foraminifera (full of holes : pro- 

 tozoan animals with perfo- 

 rated shells), 351. 



Formation defined, 204. 

 geological, 193. 



Fossils, 200. 

 degrees of preservation of, 200. 



Fossil species, distribution of, 203. 



Frost, action of, in soil-making, 

 15. 



Fucoid (resembling tangle), 274. 



Fucus (tangle or wrack), 274. 



Fumaroles (smoking vents), 145. 



Gabbro, 212. 



Ganoid (shining : referring to the 



scales), 291. 

 Gasteropod (belly-foot : referring 



to mode of walking), 280. 

 Gastornis (Gaston's bird), 374. 

 Geographical distribution of spe- 

 cies, 118. 

 diversity of species, origin of, 



130. 



Geological and human history, 

 correspondence of great prin- 

 ciples of, 256. 

 chronology, construction of, 



207. 



formation, 193. 

 history, divisions of, 259. 

 Geology, definition of, 7. 

 dynamical, 9. 



