6 ANATOMY. 



Articular Lamella of bone differs from ordinary bone tissue in being more 

 dense, containing no Haversian canals nor canaliculi, and having largei 

 lacunae. 



Ligaments are bands of white fibrous tissue, except the ligamentum sub- 

 flava and the ligamentum nuchae, which are both composed purely of 

 yellow elastic tissue. 



Cartilage is temporary or permanent. The first forms the original frame- 

 work of the skeleton, and becomes ossified. Permanent cartilage is not 

 prone to ossification, and is divided into 3 varieties, Articular, covering 

 the ends of bones in joints; Costal, forming part of the skeleton ; Reticular, 

 arranged in lamellae or plates to maintain the shape of certain parts. 



Fibro- cartilage is Interarticular (menisci), separating the bones of a joint ; 

 Connecting, binding bones together; Circumferential, deepening cavities; 

 Stratiform, lining grooves. 



Synovial Membranes secrete the synovia, a viscid, glairy fluid, and resemble 

 the serous membranes in structure. They are Artictilar, lubricating joints ; 

 Bursal, forming closed sacs (bursae) ; Vagincu. v ensheathing tendons. 



Describe the Vertebral Articulations. They are formed by the adjacent 

 surfaces of the bodies of the vertebrae, and their articular processes, and are 

 connected by the following ligaments, etc. (See FIG. 31.) 



Intervertebral Fibro-cartilages, between the bodies of all true vertebrae, ex- 

 cept the axis and atlas. 



Anterior Common Ligament} along fronts of the bodies. 

 Posterior Common Ligament, along backs of the bodies. 

 Ligamenta Stibflava, connect the laminae of adjacent vertebrae. 

 Capsular* surround the articular processes, and are lined by synovial mem- 

 brane. 



Supra-spinous and Inter-spinous, connect the spinous processes. 

 Inter-transverse? connect the transverse processes. 



Describe the Occipito-atloid Articulation. It is a double arthrodia formed 



by the condyles of the occipital bone 

 29> with the superior articular surfaces of the 



atlas, and has 7 ligaments, viz. 

 2 Anterior Occipito-atloid," from the an- 

 terior margin of the foramen magnum 

 to the anterior arch of the atlas. 

 Posterior Occipito-atloid, from the posterior 

 margin of the foramen magnum to the 

 posterior arch of the atlas. It is per- 

 forated by the vertebral arteries and sub 

 occipital nerves. 



