THE (ESOPHAGUS. 



147 



What are its Anterior Attachments ? FIG. 



The internal pterygoid plate, pterygo maxillary 

 ligament, lower jaw, base of the tongue, cor- 

 nua of the hyoid bone, stylo-hyoid ligament, 

 thyroid and cricoid cartilages of the larynx. 



Name the Openings into the Pharynx. 

 They are 7, viz. 



2 Posterior Nares, ,, , Larynx. 



2 Eustachian Tubes. (Esophagus. 



Describe its Structure. The pharynx is 

 composed of 3 coats, a mucous, a muscular 

 and a fibrous, the latter lying between the 

 other two, and sometimes called the Pharyn- 

 geal Aponeurosis. The mucous coat is covered 

 with ciliated columnar epithelium above the 

 level of the floor of the nares below that 

 level by squamous epithelium ; and contains 

 simple follicular glands, also compound folli- 

 cular and racemose glands, the latter being 

 most numerous in the upper part, between the 

 two Eustachian tubes. 



Name its Muscles, Arteries and Nerves. 

 Its 



Muscles, 5, are the Superior, Middle and 



Inferior Constrictors, Stylo-pharyngeus, and 



Palato- Pharyngeus. [See pages 73, 74.] 

 Arteries number 4, as follows, 



Superior Thyroid Branches. "> Branches of 



Ascending Pharyngeal. / Ext. Carotid. 



Pterygo-palatine. - 



I Branches of the Internal Maxillary. 

 Descending Palatine. / 



Nerves, Branches of the Pharyngeal Plexus, which is formed 

 pharyngeal branches of the pneumogastric, glosso-pharyngeal, 

 laryngeal, and superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic. 



by the 

 superior 



THE CESOPHAGUS. 



Describe the CEsophagus. It is a musculo-membranous tube, about 9 

 inches long, extending from the 5th cervical vertebra and the lower border of 

 the cricoid cartilage of the larynx, through the oesophageal opening in the 



