Spraying in Foreign Countries. 21 



this same year Cerletti published 1 an important article in which 

 he announced that the peronospora could be effectually com- 

 bated by the use of the milk of lime. The mixture was made 

 by slaking 3 kilos of quicklime in 100 liters of water, first con- 

 verting the lime into a fine powder, by partially slaking it, and 

 then adding the remainder of the water. 2 



Powders were very extensively tried in France. Their use was 

 undoubtedly suggested by the fact that sulphur had been applied 

 in the form of a powder for a great many years. There was at 

 this time no apparatus particularly adapted to the application 

 of liquids, but such was riot the case- with powders. As early as 

 1881 3 Professor Millardet, of the Faculty of Sciences of Bor- 

 deaux, used the sulphate of iron in powdered form in connec- 

 tion with sulphur and also with plaster. He reported to Mme. 

 Ponsot (who suggested this practice, and with whom he carried 

 on the work) that 4 kilos 4 of sulphate of iron mixed with 

 20 kilos of plaster had stopped the mildew. 



J. Laure, 5 an engineer at Apt (Vaucluse), had for several 

 years made a study of a certain ore of sulphur, called " Souf res 

 des Tapets." This mineral contained various substances besides 

 sulphur, and after having been treated so that it contained more 

 or less of the sulphate of iron it was sold under the name of 

 "Fungivore." It was highly recommended against attacks of 

 anthracnose, and was also very effective in checking the oidium 

 of the vine. From three to six applications were necessary to 

 protect the plant well. It was used to a considerable extent, 

 but this powder, as well as the many others which were sold, did 

 not equal the liquid applications in efficiency. (See page 32 for 

 a more complete discussion of the powders which came into use 

 as fungicides.) 



Other fungous diseases than those of the grape were now 

 attracting attention. Paul Oliver said 6 that for several years 

 pears had suffered from the attacks of a fungus which pro- 



1 Rivista di Viticoltura, 1885, Aug. 30. 



2 Pinolini, " Le Crittogame," 1888, 30 et tseq. 



3 Jour. d'Ag. Prat. 1883, April 19, 553. 



4 One kilogram is equal to 2.2 pounds. Since the metric system is the one 

 used by the large majority of the experimenters of continental Europe, the system 

 will be retained in this portion of the work. For a complete scheme of the weights 

 and measures of the metric system, as well as their equivalents, see Appendix. 



Jour. d'Ag. Prat. 1883, April 19, 554. Ibid. 1881, July 7, 20. 



