History of Fungicides in America. 87 



"These solutions being cheap, they may be used liberally, 

 and two or three treatments a year would, I think, keep the 

 trees in fair order. 



"Recipe No. 3. Sixty pounds resin, 60 pounds tallow, 10 

 pounds potash, dissolved in 10 gallons water ; 10 pounds caustic 

 soda (Green bank, 98 per cent). Dissolve the resin and tallow ; 

 when dissolved, add caustic water slowly. After mixture is 

 made, add 10 gallons of water. Use at the rate of 1 gallon of 

 mixture to 10 gallons of water. 



" In the case of the black scale, I have found the addition of 

 sulphide of soda at the rate of 1 gallon to 75 of resin solution 

 (the strength of the sulphide being 1 pound of concentrated 

 lye to 2 pounds of sulphide) beneficial, and I should recommend 

 the trial of this for icerya." 



D. W. Coquillett, assistant in the Division of Entomology, 

 continued the work begun by Koebele in regard to the de- 

 struction of scale insects, and at the end of the year 1889 the 

 following was recommended as "the best solution for use dur- 

 ing the latter part of the year " : it was made by combining 

 with heat, " resin, 18 pounds ; caustic soda (70 per cent strong), 

 5 pounds; fish-oil, 2^ pints; water to make 100 gallons." 1 A 

 slightly modified formula was published the following year ; the 

 fish-oil was omitted, and 5 pounds of caustic soda (77 per cent) 

 were used with 40 pounds of resin, this being sufficient to make 

 50 gallons of the wash. 2 Formulas almost identical to these 

 are in use at the present time and are highly valued for the 

 destruction of orange-scale insects, but fish-oil is very commonly 

 added to the preparations. 



History of the Fungicides. 



This country has been less energetic in the introduction of 

 new fungicides, probably because fungi have always been more 

 or less serious here, and growers were accustomed to their 

 presence. A special stimulus appears to be necessary to arouse 

 a people to any. new line of thought, and if this is not present, 

 progress is slow. The American mildews, introduced into 

 France, forced the vineyardists in the affected districts to 



1 Ann. Bept. V. S. Com. of Agric. 1889, 355. 2 Ibid. 1890, 263. 



