Spraying in 1892. Ill 



were applied to the soil. The materials used were the Bordeaux 

 mixture, the ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate, ferrous 

 ferrocyanide mixture, copper borate mixture, ferric chloride 

 solution, ferrous sulphate solution, cupric ferrocyanide mixture, 

 cupric hydroxide mixture, potassium sulphide solution, flowers 

 of sulphur, and sulphosteatite. Although these were applied 

 in various ways, the results were in no case favorable for en- 

 couraging the use of fungicides in controlling such diseases, 1 

 and later experiments have, on the whole, verified the results 

 then obtained. The same report also contains a list of twenty- 

 five different mixtures which were applied to pear nursery stock 

 at Geneva, N.Y., the number including various compounds of 

 copper, iron, and zinc. The copper compounds proved to be 

 the most efficient in preventing leaf blight, and no compound 

 was found which has proved to be preferable to the Bordeaux 

 mixture. 



One of the most important advances of the year 1894 was 

 made by Bailey. 1 In treating a quince orchard with the 

 Bordeaux mixture it was found that the rust (Roestelia 

 aurantiacd) " was certainly less prevalent in the sprayed por- 

 tion of Colonel Bowen's orchard [Medina, N.Y.] than in the 

 un sprayed part." 



Many valuable experiments have been made, and many im- 

 portant results obtained, which cannot be named in this brief 

 account of the ever-widening use of insecticides and fungicides ; 

 yet one other disease is of sufficient importance to require 

 special mention. The black knot of plums and cherries is con- 

 tinually threatening the profitable cultivation of these fruits, 

 and in some localities the disease has forced growers to aban- 

 don their culture on account of the death of the trees. 



Maynard has recorded 3 an experiment in which certain plum 

 trees were sprayed with copper sulphate solution early in the 

 season, and later with the Bordeaux mixture, the last treatment 

 being made July 29. The conclusion drawn from the experi- 

 ment was that "the number of warts was very decidedly less 

 where treated with the copper mixture than where untreated, 



1 Galloway, Ann. Rept. U. S. Com. Agric. 1892, 216 el seq. Fairchild, Jour, of 

 Mi/co/ogy, Vol. vii. No. 3, 240. 



2 Cornell Agric. Exp. Sta. 1894, Bull. 80, 627. 



3 Mass. Hatch Agric. Exp. Sta. 1891, Bull. 11, 19. 



