202 The Spraying of Plants. 



gauze (Fig. 20 c). It was here broken up into a spray varying in 

 character with the size of the meshes in the wire netting. These 

 nozzles were widely recommended and sold, and they are the 

 most important which can at present be found in this group. 



The "Ball" nozzle (Fig. 20 d) is a new modification which 

 was first extensively advertised in 1895. At the end of a hose 

 is fastened a hollow conical piece of metal in which a light ball 

 loosely rests. As the liquid is forced against the ball the latter 

 is not ejected, but remains to break up the fluid into a fairly 

 light spray. The serious objection to the device is the amount 

 of power required to throw even a moderate amount of fluid. 1 



There is another class which may be included here. It is 

 composed of those nozzles in which the obstruction is not a 

 solid, but consists of a stream of liquid. Two openings are 

 made at the outer extremity of the nozzle, and these incline 

 toward each other in such a manner that the two streams 

 issuing from them come forcibly in contact with each other, 

 and are immediately changed to a fine spray. The " Lilly," 

 or " Calla," and one modification of the " McGowen," are good 

 examples of this form. 



The history of the third group of nozzles is very recent, yet 

 many forms have been produced. Several of the most popular 

 nozzles now in use may here be classified together. They are 

 collectively known as the cyclone or eddy-chamber nozzles, 

 from the fact that the liquid, upon entering the nozzle, is 

 forced to whirl witli great rapidity in a circular chamber 

 before it passes through the outlet orifice. This cyclonic 

 motion causes the fluid to be broken up into particles which 

 vary in size with the size of the opening, the smaller orifices 

 causing the formation of a spray which is exceedingly fine, so 

 fine that it floats in the air like steam, and does not fall to the 

 ground. 



William S. Barnard appears to have been the first to conceive 

 the idea of making spray nozzles in which the above principle 

 should be utilized. 2 During the summer of 1880 he was 



1 American Ball Nozzle Co. 837-847 Broadway, N.Y. 



2 " On such evidence it must be held that Barnard originated the basic idea of the 

 improvement in question." Decision of the Commissioner of Patents and of U. S. 

 Courts in Patent Cases as recorded in The Official Gazette, of the U. S. Patent 

 Office, Vol. 59, No. 12, 1922. 



