324 The Spraying of Plants. 



California. Nursery stock may, however, be treated very 

 easily in this manner, and when the operation is finished there 

 need be no doubt that all the insects are destroyed. In California 

 the resin washes have been used with success, care being taken 

 that all parts of the tree are reached by the material. In the 

 eastern states these washes have not proved to be equally 

 effective, a solution of two pounds of whale-oil soap to a gallon 

 of water having given the best results. Kerosene emulsion 

 may probably be successfully used if made according to the 

 Hubbard-Riley formula, and diluted five times. Caustic soda 

 and caustic potash should also give good results if applied 

 during the winter months. 



During the summer, if kerosene emulsion is persistently used, 

 so that at least the majority of the young are killed, the insects 

 may be gradually reduced in numbers, although the fight will 

 prove a hard one. Continued watching and thorough spraying 

 must in time exterminate the scale in an orchard. 



PANSY. 

 FUNGOUS DISEASES. 



Mildew; Rust (Peronospora Violce, DeBary). Description. 

 Diseased leaves show the presence of this fungus by turning 

 brown at the affected places. The disease as yet does not 

 appear to be well understood. 



Treatment. Proper culture and the application of fungicides 

 are to be recommended. 



PARSLEY. 

 INSECT ENEMIES. 



Parsley-worm ; Celery-caterpillar (Papilio Asterias, Cramer). 

 Description. The mature butterfly is black, but it has rows 

 of yellow and blue spots upon the wings. These expand nearly 

 four inches, and the adult is one of the most handsome of our 

 summer butterflies. The eggs are laid upon the leaves of 

 parsley, parsnip, celery, carrot, and many related plants. The 

 young caterpillar, appearing in June, is at first black, but as 

 it increases in size the color becomes greenish. About the 

 middle of July, when full grown, the larva is about an inch 



