PREFACE 



Vii 



that it seems important to find a place for them even in an 

 elementary work. The reason for Chapters XVI and XVII 

 has been stated already, and even if Plant Relations is stud- 

 ied, Chapter XVII will be useful either as a review or as an 

 introduction. In the chapter on Plant Physiology the 

 author has been guided by Noll's excellent resume in the 

 " Strasburger " Botany. 



The illustrations have .been entirely in the charge of 

 Dr. Otis W. Caldwell, who for several years has conducted 

 in the University, and in a most efficient way, such labo- 

 ratory work as this volume implies. Many original illus- 

 trations have been prepared by him, and under his direction 

 by Messrs. S. M. Coulter, B. A. Goldberger, W. J. G. Land, 

 and A. C. Moore, and some are credited to Dr. Chamberlain 

 and Dr. Cowles, of the University, but it is a matter of 

 regret that pressure of work and time limitation have for- 

 bidden a still greater number. The authors of the original 

 illustrations are cited, and where illustrations have been 

 obtained elsewhere the sources are indicated. 



The author would again call attention to the fact that 

 this book is merely intended to serve as a compact supple- 

 ment to three far more important factors : the teacher, the 

 laboratory, and field work. JOHN M. COULTER. 



THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, November, 1899. 



PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION 



DURING the last five years the science of Botany has 

 made rapid progress, both in the addition of new facts and 

 in changed points of view. Some of this progress affects 

 Plant Structures, and it is recorded in this revised edition 

 so far as it can be without a complete rewriting of the 

 volume. Changes will be found, therefore, in statements 

 of fact, in points of view, in terminology, in illustrations, 

 and also in the addition of new material. 



JOHN M. COULTER. 

 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, April, 1904. 



